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Oeconomia Copernicana
|
2014
|
vol. 5
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issue 1
135-152
PL
Celem artykułu jest wyszczególnienie przekształceń systemowych normatywno-prawnej bazy instytucji rynkowych, w tym w sferze stosunków do pracy i zatrudnienia w Republice Białorusi, w poszczególnych etapach transformacji gospodarki kraju po 1991 r., wraz z ustanowieniem głównych form płacy i stymu-lowania pracy w warunkach budowy państwa z socjalnie zorientowaną ekonomiką. Za metodę badawczą posłużyła analiza normatywnych aktów oraz literatura opisująca daną problematykę.
PL
Autorka bada organizacje pozarządowe jako instytucje kluczowe społeczeństwa obywatelskiego, mające wpływy na rozwój demokratyczny państwa. W artykule przeprowadzono analizę podstaw normatywno-prawnych powstania i działalności organizacji pozarządowych, mianowicie Konstytucji Republiki Bułgaria oraz Ustawy „O organizacjach pozarządowych”. Na podstawie badań wskazano na przewagi oraz wady zabezpieczenia prawnego funkcjonowania trzeciego sektora, a także kwestie problemowe wymagające doskonalenia w dziedzinie jakości.
EN
The author considers NGOs as the key civil society institute which can impact on democratization of the state. The article highlights the NGOs legal framework. In particular, the Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria and the Law on NGOs has been analyzed. Advantages and disadvantages of NGOs legal framework were detected.
PL
Autor przedstawia stan rynku środków ochrony roślin na świecie i panujące na nim główne trendy. Omawia procesy globalizacyjne i kluczowe regulacje prawne wpływające na rozwój rynku pestycydów w Unii Europejskiej i Polsce.
EN
Author presents the world market of plant protection products and its main trends. He describes globalization processes and key legal regulations which influence the pesticide market development in the EU and Poland.
PL
Na podstawie ustawy o cudzoziemcach, minister właściwy do spraw wewnętrznych, na wniosek komendanta głównego Policji, szefa Agencji Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego albo szefa Kontrwywiadu Wojskowego, wydaje decyzję o zobowiązaniu cudzoziemca do powrotu, dotyczącą cudzoziemca, co do którego istnieje obawa, że może prowadzić działalność terrorystyczną lub szpiegowską, albo podejrzewanego o popełnienie jednego z tych przestępstw. Decyzja ta podlega natychmiastowemu przymusowemu wykonaniu.
XX
This article is an analysis of selected and the most important elements of the regulatory model of corporate governance in the Polish state companies with state treasury owns or holds. The analysis is based on the elements of corporate governance for members of the state companies, the relationship between state companies, the entitlement of employees and selected financial relationships.
6
Content available remote

The Values and the Rules of Law

75%
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest zagadnieniu połączenia dwóch kwestii, tj. wartości i regulacji prawnych. Stawiamy problem, że przepis prawny niesie wartości, powinien z nich wyrastać, a przede wszystkim powinien je chronić. Regulacje prawne zabezpieczają wartości. Jeśli chodzi o system prawa kanonicznego, prawnik kanonista powinien wyinterpretować normę moralną z normy kanonicznej, która jest zawarta w przepisie Kodeksu Prawa Kanonicznego. Wartość odnosić się do rozumienia pewnego dobra dla jednostki lub społeczności, które są traktowane jako warte realizacji, zwłaszcza w życiu jednostek. Z drugiej strony „norma” odnosi się do sposobu i granic, w których uniwersalne wartości mogą być konkretnie realizowane. Wartości człowieka mają bezpośredni wpływ na jego życie i zachowanie w społeczeństwie. Artykuł skupia się na funkcji sumienia ze względu na fakt, że odnosi się do najwyższych wartości ukrytych w Absolucie. Sumienie jest głosem wewnętrznym, który krytykuje podejmowane działania i ocenia je jako dobre lub złe. Norma jest ważna, jeśli realizuje dobro jako wartość. Podstawową wartością jest wartość prawdy. Jeśli chcemy uświadomić sobie jakąkolwiek wartość, musimy najpierw zdać sobie sprawę, że jest ona rzeczywiście wartością. Być wartością oznacza być prawdziwą wartością. Postulatami realizacji wartości są: rozum ludzki – ukazywanie prawdy, dobra, piękna. Za wszystko odpowiada człowiek, strażnik i współtwórca realnego świata. Norma wymaga pola jej spełnienia: może je zapewnić tylko rzeczywistość, będąc przygotowana na przyjęcie wartości.
EN
The article is devoted to the issue of the merger of two issues, namely value and legal regulations. We pose the problem that a legal provision brings values, it should grow out of them and, above all, it should protect values. Legal regulations secure values. When it comes to the canon law system, a canonist lawyer should interpret the moral norm from the canonical norm, which is included in the provision of the Code of Canon Law. Value refers to the understanding of a certain good for the individual or community, which are treated as worthy of realization, especially in the life of individuals. The “norm”, on the other hand, refers to the way and boundaries within which universal values can be realized in concrete terms. Man’s values have a direct impact on his life and behaviour in society. The article focuses on the function of conscience due to the fact that it refers to the highest values hidden in the Absolute. Conscience is an inner voice that is critical of the actions performed and evaluates them as good or bad. The norm is valid if it realizes the good as a value. The basic value is the value of truth. If we want to realize any value, we must first realize that it is indeed a value. To be a value means to be a true value. The postulates of realization of values are: human reason – showing truth, goodness, beauty. Everything is the responsibility of man, guardian and co-creator of the real world. The norm requires the field of its fulfillment: it can only be provided by reality, being prepared to take on value.
EN
The European Commission has already adopted or will in the future adopt the following acts influencing the market of plant protection products: - Thematic strategy on the sustainable use of pesticides - Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for community action to achieve a sustainable use of pesticides, - Regulation of European Parliament and of the Council concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market. These legal documents will influence significantly the member states’ market of plant protection products. The changes will be noticeable in about three years. The biggest influence will probably have the zonal registration. In the next years we can expect a decrease in diversity of plant protection products and an increase of their prices. It is doubtful if the change of EU requirements will cause a decrease in the use of plant protection products in European Union in the nearest future.
PL
Komisja Europejska już przyjęła lub przyjmie w przyszłości następujące dokumenty wywierające wpływ na rynek środków ochrony roślin: • Strategia tematyczna w sprawie zrównoważonego stosowania pestycydów, • Dyrektywa Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady ustanawiająca ramy wspólnotowego działania na rzecz osiągnięcia zrównoważonego stosowania pestycydów, • Rozporządzenie Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady dotyczące wprowadzania do obrotu środków ochrony roślin. Przewidywany jest duży wpływ tych dokumentów na rynek środków ochrony roślin w państwach członkowskich. Zmiany będą widoczne za około 3 lata. Największy wpływ na rynek środków ochrony roślin będzie miała prawdopodobnie rejestracja strefowa. W najbliższych latach można się spodziewać zmniejszenia różnorodności stosowanych środków ochrony roślin oraz wzrostu ich cen. Wątpliwe jest, czy nowelizacja wymagań unijnych doprowadzi do obniżenia zużycia środków ochrony roślin w Unii Europejskiej w najbliższej przyszłości.
EN
The implementation of ideas of justice and equality in both working time and other labour law regulations has to be analyzed in details. The increase of social inequality is one of the main contemporary political and social problems. This phenomenon not only denies social justice and equality, but also becomes an obstacle in further economical development. The issue is strictly connected with labour law regulation, because the employment evolution is one of the factors influencing inequality increase. The article undertakes problems of equality and justice in working time regulation in several aspects. First of them is the question of setting up a proper balance between economical and social needs in working time regulation. It is connected with the idea of functions of labour law, including interests of all subjects of labour market. The evolution of working time regulation in Polish labour law has one-sided character for over two decades. It implements mostly employer’s needs, making working conditions gradually worse. The other problem is scope of subjects covered by working time regulation. Only dependent workers are included, while contemporarily it doesn’t have any economical nor axiological justification. Also the content of Polish working time regulation doesn’t fit the justice and equality rule. Especially the particular regulations established for certain occupations vary from general regulation in the way that difficult to justify. The last undertaken aspect is future function of working time regulation as the instrument of work distribution in situation of shrinking demand for human work.
PL
Kwestie realizacji zasad równości i sprawiedliwości, zarówno w regulacji czasu pracy, jak i w innych działach prawa pracy, wymagają wnikliwej analizy. Problem narastania społecznych nierówności jest obecnie jedną z głównych kwestii dyskutowanych w krajach wysoko rozwiniętych. Wskazuje się, że zjawisko to nie tylko zaprzecza ideom równości i sprawiedliwości, ale także staje się przeszkodą dla dalszego rozwoju gospodarczego. Sprawa ta jest ściśle związana z prawem pracy, gdyż narastanie nierówności następuje również w ramach realizowanych współcześnie różnych formach zatrudnienia. Artykuł podejmuje analizę kwestii równości i sprawiedliwości w regulacji czasu pracy w kilku aspektach. Pierwszy dotyczy określenia równowagi między interesami gospodarczymi i społecznymi w regulacji czasu pracy, co ma związek z koncepcją funkcji prawa pracy, obejmujących interesy wszystkich podmiotów aktywnych na rynku pracy. W tekście wskazuje się, że w ewolucji polskiego prawa pracy od dwóch dekad widać jednostronne ukierunkowanie zmian na realizację interesów gospodarczych, co prowadzi do stopniowego pogarszania warunków wykonywania pracy. W opracowaniu zostały poruszone kwestie podmiotowego i przedmiotowego zakresu regulacji czasu pracy, w których widać istotne problemy związane z równością i sprawiedliwością. Dotyczą one przede wszystkim objęcia regulacją czasu pracy wyłącznie osób wykonujących pracę podporządkowaną, co współcześnie nie znajduje uzasadnienia aksjologicznego ani gospodarczego. Ustawodawca nie wykazywał konsekwencji, ustanawiając regulacje czasu pracy w wielu partykularnych przypadkach. Czas pracy w wielu zawodach odbiega od modelu kodeksowego w różnych kierunkach, często bez wyraźnego uzasadnienia tego stanu rzeczy. Te regulacje zostały poddane krytyce jako odstępstwa od idei równości i sprawiedliwości. Ostatnim z podjętych zagadnień jest przyszła rola regulacji czasu pracy jako instrumentu sprawiedliwego podziału wolumenu pracy w sytuacji kurczenia się zapotrzebowania na pracę ludzką.
EN
Purpose of the study is an estimation of the trade quality of local fruit traded in the local market in the context of the EUrequirements. The estimation has been done for the primary market in the Lublin voivodeship. The study has shown that the analysed producers provide fruit of very different trade quality. Arbitrariness of estimation of the fruit quality indicates that the declared class of quality is not homogeneous in case of various participants in the market, and moreover it does not reach the specified standard. The surveyed suppliers treated the issue of homogeneousness of fruit and labelling it in an individual way. Therefore the results of the analyses do not allow for a positive evaluation of the trade quality of fruit of domestic origin in the light of current standards. The predominant opinion of a great importance of standards in increasing the quality of fruit is not reflected in the Lublin wholesale market.
PL
Celem pracy jest ustalenie aktualnego poziomu jakości handlowej krajowych owoców znajdujących się na rynku w świetle obowiązujących przepisów Unii Europejskiej. Oceny dokonano na poziomie rynku pierwotnego na przykładzie województwa lubelskiego. Z badań wynika, że badani producenci dysponują owocami bardzo zróżnicowanymi pod względem jakości handlowej. Dowolność w ocenie poziomu jakości owoców wskazuje, że deklarowana klasa jakości nie jest jednoznaczna u poszczególnych uczestników obrotu, jak również nie jest jednoznaczna z określoną normą europejską. Badani producenci w rożnym stopniu dbają również o jednorodność owoców w opakowaniu oraz o właściwe etykietowanie owoców. Wyniki analiz nie pozwalają na wysoką ocenę jakości handlowej owoców krajowej produkcji w świetle obowiązujących standardów, a powszechne przekonanie o ogromnej roli norm w podnoszeniu jakości nie znalazło odzwierciedlania na rynku lubelskim.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest badaniu definicji „zasobów informacyjnych” oraz opracowywaniu propozycji ich konsolidacji legislacyjnej. Analiza aktualnych przepisów Ukrainy regulujących public relations w sferze informacyjnej oraz wyniki badań na ten temat naukowców z różnych dziedzin wiedzy wykazały, że obecnie na poziomie legislacyjnym brak jest jednoznacznej interpretacji tej definicji, co stwarza przesłanki do niejasności interpretacyjnych i praktycznego zastosowania. Z wielu powodów brakuje jednomyślności w podejściu do sformułowania ujednoliconej definicji „zasobów informacyjnych” należy rozpatrywać w kontekście określonego obszaru działalności publicznej. W oparciu o to podejście proponuje się nowelizację podstawowego dokumentu normatywnego określającego public relations w sferze informacyjnej na Ukrainie – ustawy ukraińskiej „O informacji”, a także głównego dokumentu normatywnego regulującego działalność informacyjną w Policji Państwowej – ustawy Ukrainy „O policji narodowej”.
EN
The article focuses on studying the definitions of “information technologies” and aims to elaborate on the proposal concerning its legislative consolidation. The analysis of actual regulations in Ukraine, which determine the public relations in the sphere of information, as well as the state of research on this problem by other scholars, have shown the following: (1) currently, there is no unambiguous interpretation of this definition at the legislative level, which creates the preconditions for ambiguous interpretation and practical application of this concept in the legal field; (2) for several reasons, there exists a noticeable lack of a unanimous approach to unifying the definitions of “information resources.” This study offers to rely on an approach according to which the definition of “information resources” is considered in the context of a particular area of social activities. Based on this approach, it is offered to amend the basic normative legal document that defines public relations in the information sphere in Ukraine, i.e., the Law of Ukraine “On Information,” as well as the main legal instrument that regulates information activities in the National Police of Ukraine, that is the Law of Ukraine “On the National Police.”
EN
This paper discusses certain aspects of the Civil Codeʼs Article 816 and modifications to likelihood of insurance accident from the viewpoint of insurance practice which are indicated there. A range of examples from everyday relations between policyholders and insurers are presented against the background of the legal framework and considering practical difficulties associated with imperfection of the relevant regulations. Inaccuracy of the regulation's terms such as: a substantial change in likelihood of an accident or a corresponding change of premium are emphasised, where the law does not specify an entity to determine such characteristics. Stress is laid on the dubious negotiating opportunities available to policyholders as to premium changes after the likelihood of accident changes, since the regulation only allows for 14 days of contract notice without leaving much space for the parties to negotiate. The regulation is criticised for failing in practice to solve problems of parties to an insurance contract relative to changes of insurance and leaving most cases to be decided by way of litigation. Space afforded by the paper format only allows for discussion of some aspects of the regulation in question and the changing likelihood of accident it implies virtually without reference to jurisprudence, which is extremely scant, particularly with regard to the current version of the regulation, in force since 2007.
PL
W niniejszym opracowaniu przedstawiono niektóre aspekty art. 816 k.c. i wskazanej w nim zmiany prawdopodobieństwa wypadku ubezpieczeniowego z perspektywy praktyki ubezpieczeniowej. Na tle opisanego unormowania ukazano szereg przykładów występujących na co dzień w ramach stosunków łączących ubezpieczającego z ubezpieczycielem, uwzględniając jednocześnie praktyczne trudności związane z niedoskonałością uregulowań prawnych w tym zakresie. Podkreślono nieostrość pojęć występujących w przepisie, takich jak: istotna zmiana prawdopodobieństwa wypadku czy odpowiednia zmiana wysokości składki, bez jednoznacznego wskazania przez legislatora podmiotu, który miałby przesądzać o tych cechach. Położono nacisk na wątpliwe możliwości negocjacyjne ubezpieczającego z zakładem ubezpieczeń co do zmiany wysokości składki po zmianie prawdopodobieństwa wypadku, z uwagi na konstrukcje przepisu umożliwiającą jedynie wypowiedzenie umowy z 14-dniowym terminem, ograniczającym mediacje między stronami. Krytyce poddano przyjęcie przez ustawodawcę unormowania, które w praktyce nie rozwiązuje problemów stron umowy ubezpieczenia wynikających ze zmiany ryzyka ubezpieczeniowego, pozostawiając większość spraw do rozpoznania na drodze postępowania sądowego. Ze względu na ramy objętościowe artykułu zdołano przyjrzeć się tyko niektórym aspektom opisywanego przepisu i zawartej w nim zmiany prawdopodobieństwa wypadku w zasadzie nie uwzględniając orzecznictwa, które jest niezwykle skąpe, w szczególności w odniesieniu do obecnego kształtu przedmiotowego przepisu, obowiązującego od 2007 r.
IT
I fondi agricoli determinano la sovranità alimentare di un Paese, in cui a svolgere un ruolo importante sono i produttori agricoli. Il legislatore slovacco sta cercando di creare le condizioni in grado di far mantenere i fondi nelle mani degli agricoltori. La legge sull’affitto dei fondi è una delle regolazioni più importanti nella situazione in cui la maggior parte dei fondi agricoli è affittata da produttori agricoli. L’articolo presenta i principali istituti giuridici in materia di locazione fondiaria e discute il rapporto di equilibrio tra il locatore come proprietario dei fondi e l’affittuario come produttore agricolo, nonché la loro sicurezza giuridica risultante da tali relazioni. Alla fine sono state discusse proposte di modifiche da apportare alle disposizioni al fine di rendere più chiaro il rapporto intercorrente tra le parti del contratto.
PL
Grunty rolne maja duże znaczenie dla suwerenności żywnościowej kraju, w którym dominującą rolę odgrywają producenci rolni. Dlatego celem słowackiego ustawodawcy jest stworzenie warunków umożliwiających pozostawienie gruntów rolnych w rękach rolników. Ustawa o dzierżawie gruntów rolnych jest jedną z najważniejszych regulacji prawnych w Republice Słowackiej, gdzie większość gruntów rolnych jest dzierżawiona przez producentów rolnych. W artykule wskazano główne instytucje prawne dotyczące dzierżawy gruntów na Słowacji oraz omówiono zrównoważone relacje między wydzierżawiającym jako właścicielem gruntów a dzierżawcą jako producentem rolnym, ich wzajemne powiązania i pewność prawną wynikającą z tych relacji, głównie w sytuacjach, gdy polegają oni na przepisach prawnych, które nie określają bezpośrednio i wyraźnie ich praw i obowiązków wynikających z umów dzierżawy gruntów. Omówiono również ostatnie istotne nowelizacje przepisów prawa gruntowego i zaproponowano kilka niezbędnych zmian mających na celu doprecyzowanie relacji między stronami umowy dzierżawy.
EN
Agricultural land plays an important role in national food sovereignty where agricultural producers play a dominant role. Therefore the objective of Slovak lawmakers is to create conditions enabling agricultural land to remain in the hand of farmers. The Act on Land Lease is one of the most important legal regulations in the Slovak Republic where most of agricultural land is leased by agricultural producers. The paper identifies the main legal institutions of land lease in Slovakia and discusses the balanced relationships between a lessor as a landowner and a lessee as an agricultural producer and the relationship between them and their legal certainty in this relationship, mainly in situations when they rely on legal regulations that do not specify directly and explicitly their rights and obligations arising from land lease contracts. The most recent important amendments to land law are also discussed and some necessary modifications aimed at clarifying the relationship between parties to a lease contract are proposed.
PL
Celem artykułu była próba oceny wpływu członkostwa Polski w Unii Europejskiej na kształt regulacji prawnych dotyczących funkcjonowania spółdzielni rolniczych i wskazania kierunków ich rozwoju. Przedstawiono problematykę spółdzielczych grup producentów rolnych, w szczególności ewolucję ustawodawstwa oraz problemy związane z korzystaniem ze środków unijnych. W dalszej kolejności rozważania koncentrują się wokół rolniczych spółdzielni produkcyjnych oraz spółdzielni mleczarskich. W uwagach podsumowujących podkreślono m.in., że na prowadzenie działalności przez spółdzielnie rolnicze i kierunki ich rozwoju coraz większy wpływ mają przepisy prawa unijnego oraz sytuacja na rynku europejskim.
EN
The aim of this paper was to present an attempt to assess the impact of Poland's membership in the European Union on legislation governing the operation and directions of development for agricultural co-operatives. It presents issues concerning co-operative agricultural producers' groups, in particular the evolution of legislation and problems associated with the use of EU funds. Further investigations are focused on agricultural production co-operatives and dairy cooperatives. In closing remarks it is stressed, among other things, that the activities of agricultural cooperatives are increasingly determined by the EU law and the market situation in Europe.
EN
The Act on the treatment of persons evading work was passed on November 26, 1982 and entered into force on January 1, 1983. The passing of the Act was preceded by a period of heated discussions during which the need for this regulation or objections against it were justified by various social, economic, political legal as well as philosophical reasons. The Act bound all men aged 18-45 (with the exception of some clearly defined categories) who neither work nor learn for a period of at least 3 month and who are not registered in employment agencies as looking for a job to report at the local state administrative agencies and explain the reasons of this state of affairs. Such persons can be recognized as not working for justified reasons (in this case, they should get help if needed) or for unjustified reasons (to such persons the possibilities of taking the job should be pointed out; they should also get help if needed). Man who persistently evade work and whose sources of maintenance cannot be revealed or prove to be contradictory to the principles of social existence, are included in a list of persons who persistently evade work. The law provides for the following legal consequences towards persons who fall under its provisions: a failure in the duty to report is a transgression for which there is a penalty of limitation of liberty  of up to three months; the same penalty is provided for the registered person’s  failure to appear when summoned by the local administrative agency: a failure of a registered  person in the duty to appear when summoned in order to make a statement concerning his sources of maintenances is an offence for which a penalty of limitation of liberty or a fine is provided; the persons who have been included in the list may be obligated to perform the work for public purposes in cases of force majeure or natural calamity that constitutes a serious threat for the normal conditions of the people’s existence; a failure in this duty is an offence for which a statutory penalty is that of limitation of liberty up two years or a fine.             The Act deals with only one of the many and varied problems that result from the broad and multifarious issue of work: the situation of not being formally employed. Employment is connected with the actual policy in this respect, the labour market, and with many economic problems. The passing of the Act and the period of its functioning discussed in the present paper fell in Poland on the days of a profound socio-economic crisis which influences the problems related to employment.             In our study, however, we have taken no account of the above broader issues, focusing on the functioning of the Act: the nation of ,,evasion of work’’ and ,,a person evading work’’ it introduced, the extent of the population that falls under the Act, characterization of the population mentioned the institutions and persons involved in  realization of the Act, ways of dealing with the persons evading work, conformability of the conduct of the Act’s addresses with the model of conduct it includes, appraisal of the degree to which the aims of the Act, as set before it by the legislator have been reached, and the social effects of the law.             The study concerned the functioning of the Act in the capital city of Warsaw. The basic source of information were index cards of all man evading work that had been registered in this territory in the period from January 1, 1983, till April 30, 1984. Moreover, district constables of the police were interviewed about these men; data concerning their criminal records were obtained from the Central Criminal Register and information about their detention in the Warsaw sobering-up station was obtained from the station's files. Two years later, additional data were gathered in order to check which of the registered men worked for at least 6 month after having been registered; the course of work for public purposes done by the examined persons was also checked with enterprises that organized such work.             In the period included in the study, 2,195 men evading work were registered in Warsaw. The size of this population seems susceptible of various interpretations, depending on the adepted point of view. This number however seems insignificant as compared with that of situations vacant reported at the employment agency which for instance exceeded 18 thousand jobs for men on December 31, 1983. As shown by the analysis of the course of registration in the entire examined period, and of the differences in the sizes of the registered populations in the separate Warsaw districts, the sizes in question vary greatly and depend on administrative steps that influence the revealing of men who answer the statutory definition.             The term "person evading work" designates various persons whose various circumstances - whether socially accepted or not – justify their lack of permanent employment, and who find themselves in various situations. They are e.g. persons waiting to be called up, those who help their families with farming, alcoholics who find it impossible to keep any permanent job, men supported by their familes and looking after a family member, those who are preparing for examination to enter the university, those taking a rest after release from prison, and those who actually do work (there were about 1/4 of them): casually, seasonally or in private firms, but fail to settle their situation formally. According to the police data, as few as every tenth of the examined persons had among others, though not exclusively, illegal sources of maintenance such as offences or illicit trade. In general, the men registered as evading work did not differ from the entire population of men aged 18-45 who lived in Warsaw at that time as regards the age structure. There were among them relatively few married men. Their level of education was somewhat lower as compared with men employed at that time in Warsaw in the socialized economy; yet two-thirds of them were trained in some profession. According to the police inquiries, and to the information from index cards and from sobering-up station, three-fourth of the examined persons drank extensively; one-third of them were detained in the station, with the majority being detained repeatedly which arouses suspicion as to their dependence. 79 per cent of the registered persons were  known to the police who had to intervene in their cases comparatively often and the company they kept was appraised negatively by the police 45 per cent had criminal records (with offences against property predominating) their effence however did not provide them money enough to replace employee’s wages.             The first stage of introduction of the Act was to reveal persons liableto registration. The performance of the duty of registration met with most serious problems. Persons who reported themselves to be registered constituted less than a half of the total of those registered, this situation remaining unchanged even one year after the Act had entered into force. Even after that period, over a half of those newly registered were persons who had not been working for over a year and who thus should have been registered much earlier Some of those who reported themselves did it only because they needed a certificate of registration to settle some important personal matter A rather numerous category nearly one- third of the examined men consisted of those registered after having been punished by a transgresion board for failure in the duty of registration, and those reported by the police or public prosecutor' s office Therefore, the police were explicitly involved in the process of picking out persons evading work.             Also the realization of the entire second stage of dealing with the above persons - that of classification - arouses serious doubts.             Index cards of a great number of persons lacked information essential for the realization of the Act, i.e. concerning certain facts about the registered person and the history of this previous employment.             Among the vital decisions taken in relation to the registered persons is the recognition of the reason of their unemployment as justified or unjustified. A tendency became pronounced in these decisions to treat illness and prolonged formal transactions related to future work as valid excuses for not working and out to excuse working without formal employment. It appeared also that officials deciding in these matters enjoyed a certain degree of discretion when appraising the reasons of unemployment.             The actions taken toward the registered persons assumed first of all the character unemploying: they consisted in obligating these persons to report again and inform about employment, or in referring them; therefore these actions failed to bring about any considerable effects; had the persons in question reported directly at the employment agency, the effects would have been identical.             One-forth of the registered persons were directed to do work for public purposes. As many as two- thirds of them never even appeared to get the adress of the enterprise which such organized work, and 15 per cent reported at the workplace but failed to fulfil their duties. Thus directing to work for public purposes was of a trifle importance only; out of proportion with the effort put in the organizing of such work.             Thoroughout the period included in the study, the names of 152 (7 per cent) of the registered men were entered in the list of persons who persistently evaded work. Punishment for infringement of the disscused Act was moved for in one third of cases.             As shown by the picture of realization of the Act, the officials who apply it often face the registered men's most complex life problems, that are difficult to appraise explicitly and to decide upon beyond dispute; besides, methods of successful circumvention or evasion of the provisions of the Act appear to have emerged.             The appraisal of the functioning of the discussed Act has been done on two planes: both the realization of the legislator's intentions and the social effects of its introduction other than intended have been analyzed.             The legislator's intentions are defined as coming to the assistance of those out of work and out of school who want work, and inducing to work those who fail to express this wish. In the statements of the Minister of Justice and of the deputy reporter during the parliamentary discussion, also such aims were formulated as: drawing up a record of persons evading work and thus getting knowledge as to the extent of this phenomenon; providing hands in cases of their shortage; and soothing the indignant public opinion which demanded radical measures to fight the phenomenon of the so-called social parasitism.             The above intentions have been realized but to a slight degree. Cases of getting help from administrative agency were extremely rare, the agency playing but the role of an agent who directs clients on to the employment or medical agencies.             After registration 44.5 per cent of the examined persons took a job and 37.6 per cent continued to work incessanuy for 6 months which is the condition of their names being stroken off from the register. The latter group proved to be "better" as regards selected social traits. According to our appraisal, these persons had greater chances and possibilities of and performing a job as compared with the remaining group; what's more "inducing" them to work was frequently absolutely unnecessary.             Registration failed to provide knowledge as to the size of the phenomenon of evasion of work, inconstancy being among its characteristics. The examined persons are often temporarily unemployed, this situation far from being permanent.             Registration failed to improve the situation in the labour market: not only the number of those who found a job but also the total of those registered was too small as compared with the needs.             Whether the public opinion has been soothed and satisfied by the introduction of the Act, we do not know. What we do know, is that among those registered there were hardly any persons whose unemployment particularly irritated the public opinion (e.g. black market and foreign currency dealers). A number of persons "evad.ing work" can always be" found, and the reasons for which some of them fail to take a job would hardly meet with social desapproval.             Apart from the intended effects of any legal regulation, there are also those unintended which in the case of the discussed Act can be found in the following spheres: 1) the legal system: in the labour law (limitation of the principle of freedom of work), and in the penal law (the range of penalized acts has been broadened to include transgressions and offences provided in the Act; moreover, a penal law sanction was used as an instrument to solve a problem that belongs to the sphere of social an economic policy exclusively; 2) the sphere of political an social activities: an additional bureaucratic cell in labour exchange has been created in the case of alcoholics, intervention of the Act is but a seeming action, leaving the essence of the problem out of account; in the case of ex-convicts, the Act doubles the activity of other institutions (such person can obtain help in employment agencies or from their probation officers, and they are ,,induced" to take a job by their life situation or by the conditions on which they have been released from prison); 3) the sphere of social attitudes towards the law: failure to collect subpoenas and to appear when summoned could be observed among the registered persons which means that mechanisms of circumventing the Act emerged.             In our opinion, the Act on the treatment of persons evading work is unnecessary. A separate and independent problem of persons who evade work does not exist. Instead, there is a number of various, partly overlapping problems: demand for labour, social frustrations of the crisis period, as well as alcoholism, delinquency disturbed socialization of the youth, failure to insure employes without setting the required formalities, problem of employment of the disabled. Also favourable phenomena and traits can be found here such e.g. the energy and initiative of those who want to work more effectively and to be paid better As shown by our study, ,,social parasitism ,, i.e. the actual staying out of work and living at the expense of others, can be found in a tiny percentage of registered persons.
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