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Invented Traditions of the Turkish Alevis – the Gathering House (Cem Evi), Prayer Ceremony (Cem), and Religious Marriage Ceremony

100%
Godzińska M.
Przegląd Orientalistyczny
|
2023
|
issue 1-2 (285-286)
43-58
XX
The Alevis form a heterogeneous community in Turkey, which was historically associated with the Turkish tribes called Kızılbaş. Their descendants created a syncretic socioreligious system that consisted of various elements, mainly of the pre-Islamic Turkish beliefs, as well as Sunni and Shia Islam (including diverse Sufi movements). The 20th century brought political, economic, and ideological changes, which necessitated the modification of the social and religious worldview of the Alevis. These changes may sometimes be perceived as an invented tradition or as changes that are indispensable to preserve the integrity of the group and its worldview. In both cases, they may cause important modifications in the traditional institutions and the symbolic culture. The phenomenon may be observed in many aspects of the Alevis’ culture. The aim of this paper is to analyse the problem of cultural change and the re-construction of the tradition of the Alevis’ culture on the basis of three examples: the creation of the gathering house (Tur. cem evi), rituals of the prayer ceremony (Tur. cem) related to the ceremony of Raising the Light (Tur. çerağ uyandırması) and the contemporary religios marriage ceremony which takes place in front of the Alevi leader (Tur. dede) in the gathering house.
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Wpływ religii na wojnę i prawo wojny w antycznej Grecji – wybrane aspekty

63%
Świstak A.
Biuletyn Stowarzyszenia Absolwentów i Przyjaciół Wydziału Prawa Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego
|
2020
|
vol. 15
|
issue 17 (1)
181-194
EN
The article presents selected aspects of the impact of religion on how wars were waged in ancient Greece, taking into account the specificities of relations within the Greek world. The author points to the clear presence of war motifs in Greek mythology. He shows the influence of religion on different stages of war, from the decision to declare war through the actions being taken during it. He presents the legal consequences of violating peace rules during the games and the impact of holidays on the possibility of military action. He discusses the status of sacred sites and draws attention to restrictions on how to wage wars between members of the Delphic Amphictyony.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia wybrane aspekty oddziaływania religii na sposób prowadzenia wojen w antycznej Grecji uwzględniając specyfikę stosunków międzygreckich. Autor wskazuje na wyraźną obecność motywów wojny w greckiej mitologii. Ukazuje wpływ religii na różne płaszczyzny wojny, począwszy od podjęcia decyzji o jej wypowiedzeniu poprzez działania podejmowane w jej trakcie. Przedstawia prawne konsekwencje pogwałcenia reguł dotyczących pokoju podczas igrzysk oraz wpływ świąt na możliwość prowadzenia działań zbrojnych. Omawia status miejsc świętych oraz zwraca uwagę na ograniczenia sposobów prowadzenia wojen między członkami Amfiktionii Delfickiej.
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