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RU
The paper discusses the differences between Eastern and Western Christians during the Middle Ages through the prism of the lists of ritual deviations and bad habits of the ‘Latin heretics’, which were circulated in Byzantium in the second half of the 12th century (following the Great Schism of 1054). The translations and revisions of these lists remained popular among the Orthodox Christians in the Balkans and Eastern Europe up until the end of the 17th century. Special attention has been given to the reception among the Slavs of two Byzantine accusations levelled on the westerners – (1) that their priests shave; (2) that they eat various ‘unclean’ animals and creatures. The examples of the peculiar mundanity of the religious dialogue and polemics analysed in the paper suggest that this was a trend resulting from the ambition of the Orthodox societies in the Balkans and Eastern Europe to strengthen through various means their ethnic and religious identity in the context of the fierce political and confessional confrontation with the Catholic world of Western Europe. Also highlighted is the need for the research of medieval polemical texts to embrace the archaeological, ethnological and folkloristic evidence, which would allow us to clarify the sources and trends in the development and transformation of the key features of the identity of Slavic Orthodox societies during the Middle Ages and Modernity.
EN
The idea of Messianism stemming from the religious traditions of Israel, and in Christianity, connected with the person of Jesus of Nazareth, is still alive. It is evidenced by the literature as well as the conducted disputes and discussions. Messianism in the theological tradition of the Catholic Church in Poland had one significance in the era of Romanticism, and still another at the beginning of the 21st century. Despite its differences, one may still notice certain similarities between them, such as a tendency to connect the Messianistic ideas with the national category. This religious idea is very capacious, subject to various interpretations, which forces a critical attitude on the religious plane, and, in theoretical analyses, an intellectual alertness. This article undertakes the problems and opportunities related to Messianism and its significance in the reflections on the person of Jesus – Savior – Messiah.
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