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EN
Ethics by Lermontov are deeply original and have a religious character. According to Christian canons, in the poet’s consciousness, the source of moral is acting and a measure of a moral sense is Christ. Primary in Lermontov’s poetry is the accusation of his generation’s flaws. Also acusation of defectsc are strong in his creativity. The leading motive of Lermontov’s poetry is that of God's court, which acts as a justice standard.
EN
The objective of this discussion is an attempt to recall that already in Polish modernism, in the work of Tadeusz Miciński (1873-1918), the idea of modifying the human phenotype was signaled. Contemporary times offer the possibility of its partial (for the time being) realization. That is why it is worth confronting this idea with the foundations of religious ethics represented by the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church. It is also worth recalling the concerns that Jürgen Habermas (b. 1929) raises about the possibility of the unrestrained development of genetic engineering. Being a secular thinker, the German philosopher analyzes the ethical dangers of liberal eugenics and, in this way, opens up the search for a consensus with religious ethics.
EN
Ethicists and moralists who see religion as a foundation of morality often claim that their colleagues, who do not refer to such a foundation, lack a firm ground for objectively binding moral norms. They also claim that an effective program of moral education must be located in the context of religious beliefs. The article's main thesis is that individual morality, i.e. all actions and attitudes of a person, which are not founded on religion is not less grounded than a morality which does claim to have such a foundation. The reason for this is that neither philosophical nor theological normative theory of morals is the foundation for actions and attitudes of individuals. The source of moral edification lies in social practice which is made up of examples given by educators and other significant individuals, cultural artifacts, and the practice of political life.
PL
Etycy i moraliści upatrujący podstaw moralności w religii często twierdzą o swoich kolegach po fachu nie odwołujących się do takich podstaw, że tym ostatnim brakuje solidnego gruntu dla obiektywnie wiążących norm moralnych. Twierdzą też, że skuteczny program wychowania moralnego wymaga kontekstu przekonań religijnych. Artykuł stawia tezę, że moralność jednostki – rozumiana jako całokształt jej działań i postaw – nie mająca podstaw w religii nie jest gorzej ugruntowana od moralności osoby, która taką podstawę posiada. Jest tak dlatego, że ani filozoficzna, ani teologiczna normatywna teoria moralności nie jest podstawą dla działań i postaw jednostek. Źródło zbudowania moralnego znajduje się w praktyce społecznej, na którą składa się między innymi przykład dawany przez wychowawców i inne znaczące osoby, wytwory kultury i praktyka życia politycznego.
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EN
The essay poses a question about the cultural representation of mountains and minerals in the Islamic tradition. Drawing on the most basic resource of the Qur’anic text, it observes that stones, mountains and other elements of the subterranean world acquire a positive value in the Islamic cosmological outlook, being a part of the well-ordered and beneficial natural phenomena and even playing a role of ethical companionship to man. In parallel, mountaintops and the stone structure of the Ka‘ba are shown to play a central ordering role in the structure of the religious time-space. The positive and significant representation of stones and mountains, which stands partly in contrast to the European culture, is tentatively ascribed both to the specific natural conditions of the Arabian milieu of Muhammad’ s prophethood and the religious legacies of the pre-Islamic era.
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