Access to the media is one of the most important civil rights. Adopted many years ago in the Polish Press Law model of corrections and responses can not guarantee the balance of power in the access to the press. The main reason is the lack of precision in defining these concepts by the legal act and doctrine of law. The presented paper describes and summarizes the projects and proposals for amendments to the right of reply.
PL
Spory o prawo do repliki prasowej (zakres dostępu do mediów) wiążą się z przyjętym przed laty modelem sprostowań i odpowiedzi zawartym w Prawie prasowym. Uchwalone w 1984 roku w Polsce rozwiązania wprowadzały model mieszany, który był jedyną w Europie próbą połączenia romańskiej koncepcji repliki z germańską koncepcją sprostowania. Rozwiązania mające pełnić funkcje wychowawcze, prewencyjne i odszkodowawcze w praktyce nie gwarantowały osobom zainteresowanym skutecznej realizacji prawa dostępu do prasy. W artykule przeanalizowano i porównano projekty i propozycje zmian związanych z prawem do repliki w prasie na tle normatywnych i kulturowych różnic w dwóch obowiązujących w Europie modelach prawnych, które mają gwarantować równowagę sił w dostępie do mediów.
The author refers solely to coexisting polemic poetic works (prints and manuscripts) adhering to a literary convention of an initiating text. The poems treat significant events from the final years of the First Polish Republic and became the seed bed of the ideological struggle. Their polemic character was usually indicated in their titles beginning with words such as answer, reply, response, travesty, “tit for tat”, or with prepositions “on” (“on poetry”) or “to” (“to the author”). Perhaps they would not have won much renown if it was not for their presence in poetic skirmish. This paper indicates various battle methods used by polemicists and the propaganda impact of these works.
Until now, Czech grammars have focused primarily on the syntax of written texts, paying little attention to spoken discourse. In the present article, the authors have sought to a) explore the existing works on syntax to identify references to features peculiar to spoken Czech (normally classified as “deviations from regular sentence patterns”); b) complement them with findings of Czech dialectologists; and c) expand the context to include results of the few authors who consistently explore spoken Czech and its syntax (particularly O. Müllerová and M. Hirschová). The inventory of features so far identified as peculiar to spoken syntax includes, among other things, syntactic units appended after a point of syntactic completion, parentheses, corrections, reported speech, the free dative etc. In addition to syntax, some of the features belong to the lexical-syntactic level (conjunctions, particles, phatic expressions), while others concern hypersyntax (the proportion of parataxis, hypotaxis and juxtaposition). The syntax of spoken Czech is to be understood as a syntax of utterances and turns (not of sentences); it has to be investigated in terms of its dialogic and processual nature, with a clear orientation to the sound form of syntactic structures and to the role of non-verbal means of communication.
The article focuses on the presentation of some specific aspects of Czech spoken syntax. It draws attention to several methodological problems accompanying research of this kind. It is based on articles published in the journal Naše řeč.
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.