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EN
The article presents four perspectives on the family. In the intergenerational perspective a family is an institution of biological and cultural reproduction. Family in the perspective of the life cycle is a dynamically changing structure of “problems to solve” associated with life cycle: socialization, mating, parenting and post reproductive phase. Each phase substantially changes the structure of interests, available resources and the nature of social relationships. Family in the system of social stratification is associated with the distribution of scarce resources. The family as a system of social interaction is a complex dynamic unit which stabilizes the basic structure of the moral code (attitudes of loyalty and trust).
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Artykuł to próba rekonstrukcji relacji między dwoma pojęciami: ‘reprodukcja’ i ’reprezentacja’, które zawiązują się w obrębie dyskursu feministycznego. Analizie poddana zostaje kategoria podmiotu kobiecego, rozpatrywana w kontekście kategorii reprezentacji. Reprodukcja płci społeczno-kulturowej (gender) i prawa reprodukcyjne okazują się elementami decydującymi o nierównym podziale władzy w społeczeństwie.
EN
This article attempts to reconstruct the relationship between the two notions: ‘reproduction’ and ‘representation’, which are formed within the feminist discourse. It is an analysis of the category of female subject, considered in the context of category representation. Reproduction of gender and reproductive rights are the factors which determine the unequal distribution of power in society.
EN
In the present article the author endeavours to compare the main assumptions of Italian post-operaist feminism (mostly those related to the Wages for Housework campaign) with Luce Irigaray’s sexuate difference philosophy. Assuming as a departure point the notion of labour force reproduction, the author tries to prove the synergic potential sustaining between the two mentioned perspectives – the most noteworthy convergence between them is the eventually shared ontological horizon stemming from Marx’s perspective on communism as “the real movement which abolishes the present state of things.”
EN
The text undertakes the problematics situated between modernity and tradition regarding the reception of H.A. Giroux’s works in Poland, in a view of furthering the study of pedagogy and educational praxis. First, the author outlines the beginnings of openness towards critical pedagogy. What is underscored here is the 1980s’ main inspiration drawn from the resistance paradigm. Then, the author proceeds to the current state of Giroux’s reception in Poland. He illustrates differences among particular examples and levels of the said reception of Giroux’s pedagogy and of the scholar’s theoretical background. The emphasized disputes pertain especially to transcending metaphysics and relativism as a challenge faced by hermeneutical criticism and critical hermeneutics. Additionally, the “critical” horizon of the main handbook of pedagogy used in Polish universities is discussed. The author point to the wasteful efforts at instigating the breakthrough in the reception of critical pedagogy and he exemplifies them by an instance of misbegotten analysis of the allegedly delayed critical pedagogy of work. As a particularly positive example the author presents a new effort at developing critical hermeneutics (and radical praxis) for pedagogy by Andrzej Wierciński. In the concluding part written “in lieuof conclusions,” four lists of critical problems’ dislocations are provided; the problems are both convergent and related to one another, thereby redefining current research objectives and pertain to practical applications in educational praxis.
EN
This study presents an analysis of recent developments in fathers’ roles in Slovakia, a country that has experienced multiple social and economic transformations in post-totalitarian Central Eastern Europe. Data from a qualitative study (14 focus group discussions, 87 participants) show that the social norms associated with the Second Demographic Transition do not constitute a homogenous unit. Young people delay reproduction due to numerous needs. A new norm is emerging-the necessity of establishing a family only once a state of economic independence has been reached. The study discusses the role of the “irreplaceable mother” and the problem of the complementarity of parental roles, shifts in negative stereotypes about men, and emerging forms of affirmative fatherhood.
EN
The occurrence of mountain plant species in the Polish lowlands has been at the centre of attention of many botanists. In 2008-2011 we carried out field studies aimed at describing a new lowland population of White Twisted-stalk S. amplexifolius discovered in 2008. We focused on the following aims: to determine the current status of the lowland population of S. amplexifolius; to characterize phytocenoses and habitat conditions in which the species occur; to identify factors that can potentially pose a threat on the population and to propose guidelines for its protection. The newly discovered population is located in the Trójca Forest District (50º 38.737’ N; 18º 48.945’ E), forest department 61L. The main part of the population (ca. 70%) occupies an area of approximately 100 m2. Currently, to protect the population from grazing, the whole area (about 0.25 ha) has been surrounded by metal mesh fence. The population occurs within a poorly developed patch of Fraxino- Alnetum. It contains 107 branched and fruiting individuals of S. amplexifolius and 83 smaller plants (branchless and sporadically fruiting). The number of fruits per plant varies between 6 and 20. One fruit contains an average of 5 seeds (a maximum of 12 seeds and a minimum of 3 seeds per fruit). The occurrence of numerous Padus serotina seedlings and young plants is recorded within the site. Human-related factors have caused substantial changes in the water relations and, subsequently, also in the species composition of these plant communities. The population of S. amplexifolius within the described site seems to be in good condition and develops normally.
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EN
The paper describes the situation of art works in the times of late modernity by presenting Gianni Vattimo, one of the most important representatives of modern hermeneutics. Art’s historical narrative has collapsed due to civilisational transformation – mainly thanks to the invention of technological means for the mass reproduction of images. Two of the primary traits of art works from a traditional perspective – originality and authenticity – have nowadays been undermined. Vattimo calls this phenomenon ‘an explosion of aesthetics’.
EN
The text is an attempt to use of Richard Borowicz research as inspiration. The aim is to broaden the perspective of research on the problem of social selection in the education system by adding a psychosocial aspect. The article contains a theoretical reference in order to allow for an explanation of the effectiveness of the mechanism of auto-selection and placement of it in the social practices of everyday life. Interactional perspective makes the problem of social inequalities present in the experience and consciousness of man. On the other hand individualistic tendencies in society are the conditions under which self-selection mechanism can both be forced out from public awareness, as well as subject to deregulation. The latter phenomenon may lead to equal opportunities.
Human Affairs
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2007
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vol. 17
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issue 2
154-167
EN
The claim that social practices have a relatively durable existence in space and time, and that their persistence depends upon their recurrent reproduction through necessarily localised performances is theoretically plausible, but what of the detail? How do the careers of practices and those who "carry" them actually intersect? In this paper we have two related ambitions. One is to show how selected practices are concurrently shaped by the ebb and flow of recruits and defectors and by what it is that cohorts of practitioners actually do. The second is to learn more about the relation between recruitment and reproduction by comparing the ways in which these processes play out in different situations. In taking these two ambitions forward through a discussion of digital and film photography and of floorball (a team game in which players use plastic sticks to hit a small ball into a goal) we explore ways of concretely examining processes that are implied in Giddens' theory of structuration (1984) and in Bourdieu's concept of habitus (1984). This exercise generates insights into the internal dynamics of practice and the methodological challenges of pinning them down.
EN
Disadvantageous social & demographic trends in the European Union, in particular, ageing of the society and the decrease in the reproduction, force a public debate focused on conditions which could promote linking of the professional life and the family life. One of significant elements of the family promoting policy must be employment market situation adjusted to the needs of women, who must work and face the family issues. A substantial matter for women, who are mothers, is liquidation of obstacles arising from the return of women to the employment market. Giving birth must not mean falling out of the market and the long-term unemployment. Previous efforts made in Poland have failed. Even worse, the latest data regarding the unemployment rate originating from the MPiPS (Ministry of Labor and Social Policy) show that at the end of the first half 2012, the unemployment record contained data of 211 thousands women who did not return to work after they had given birth. This is by 18 thousand more than in 2011 and by 36 thousand more compared to 2010. Moreover, in Poland, when a woman returns to work after the expiration of the maternity leave, a guarantee of getting her job back is limited (art. 1832 Labor Code); she is not protected from a dismissal. The goal of this paper is an assessment of Polish mothers-managers situation, including situation of women who run their businesses, returning to the employment market after giving birth. The results are based on own survey. To achieve the goal the impact of changes on the employment market in the twenty first century on the contemporary family model was described. A previous model, so called single breadwinner, that is a traditional family model with a man being the sole person who works, is no longer valid. Moreover, there were enumerated factors, which affect the professional activity of women-mothers, on the basis of research in the framework of the scientific project “Social Diagnosis 2000-2009”. They proved that having a baby means nearly 100% increase in the professional activity of fathers and the decrease in the professional activity of mothers by 75%. In order to achieve the goal the following methods and analysis were used: the descriptive method, comparative analysis and the critical analysis of results. The analyses were based on own studies carried out from May to July 2012. The subject of the study was a group of 263 women. All of the women had children, they were professionally active and all of them were hired on managerial positions or they run their private businesses. The women lived in Jelenia Góra, Kamienna Góra and Wałbrzych poviats. The survey aimed to diagnose the situation of women who had children on the employment market and to assess the impact of having children on the professional status. The survey proved that mothers-managers stay beyond the employment market no longer than the statutory time of the maternity leave. More than 70% women did not use the right to the child care leave and the remaining approx. 30% women resigned the leave after 3-6 months. The women explained that they were worried about losing their jobs, losing incomes, and in the future, having lower pensions. Finally, they were worried that their skills would become poor which could negatively affect their chances for professional promotion. It should be mentioned that 62% women established their businesses having in mind the problems which occur after giving birth or no chance to be employed, in particular until a child is 4 years old. In the light of such results of the survey the author concludes that the extension of the maternity leave time may not be accepted by women who take managerial positions and those who run their own businesses. However, other changes are desired (presented in the conclusions section) e.g.: setting up a chain of day nurseries, kindergartens and common rooms open till 8 p.m., setting up a chain of easily accessible services which decrease the liabilities of women in terms of housework, setting up complex work-life programs, promotion of flexible work time and modern forms of employment (e.g., telecommuting, like in France which implemented a tax relief for mothers who choose this form of employment, or possibility to work partially at home), and, which is very significant, promotion of the social acceptance for men’s engagement into child care and family duties.
Human Affairs
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2012
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vol. 22
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issue 2
214-226
EN
This article provides an overview of a number of research studies conducted within the field of parenthood and reproduction in a variety of Western cultures, including Slovakia and the countries of Eastern Europe. The main aim of this overview is to analyse two key indicators on Second Demographic Transition: delaying marriage and parenthood until later on in life and the growth in cohabitation as an alternative living arrangement and childbearing as part of that. The author points out that the majority of parents opt to have a first child and this brings normative and emotional fulfilment. Most young people do not reject this, but simply postpone it until later on in life. The hypothesis is postulated that the decision on whether to have further children is to a larger extent rationally based and is more dependent on weighing up the incentives available from the state. The article emphasises, on the basis of a comparison of the results of various empirical studies, that the same patterns of reproductive behaviour can produce markedly different consequences and outcomes within various subgroups of the population. It is recommended that current research into parenthood and reproduction should be extended so that studies are conducted into similar groups within subpopulations across different countries-in contrast to the current prevailing research that is focused on single countries or in comparing different countries as a whole. It is also recommended that the scope of the research be extended to compare a number of different subpopulations with similar value and life-style configurations as opposed to the majority of the current narrowly-focused approaches that concentrate on examining the differences in reproductive behaviour patterns of a section of the population selected on the basis of education.
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The private life of shrikes

75%
EN
In shrikes (Laniidae) social monogamy is commonly occurs reproductive system. However, many kinds of behaviour look like an adaptation to extra-pair copulations were also described. The paper presents a popular synthesis of studies done on behavioural ecology of shrikes in Poland. Major part of study was possible because in Polish farmland still living quite dense and stable population of two shrike species: great-grey shrike Lanius excubitor and red-backed shrike L. collurio. We believe that some obtained findings may help to understand animals behaviour generally, and birds particularly. Especially fact than great grey shrike males offer quality of food to female before copulation, according to mate status: worst to an official social partner, and better to extra-pair female. Moreover, extra-pair copulations were realised in open places, but extra-pair in hidden sites. More details, including information on study area, used methods and statistical analysis, can be find in published scientific papers listed below.
PL
The paper is an attempt to draw the reader’s attention to visual reproduction as an element of modern artistic discourses and a medium of the mediated reception of art. An instrumental approach to reproduction as a neutral and ancillary vehicle of meaning, prevalent in the age of modernism, corresponded to the belief in its information efficacy and ability to overcome material, physical limitations. What mattered most were not the material, physical aspects of the existence and circulation of images, even though the avant-garde artists of the 1920s, using contemporary technology, were aware how important the medium’s and its distribution range’s “impact” was. L’Esprit Nouveau, a periodical edited in 1920-1925 by Amédée Ozenfant and Le Corbusier, was an example of a successful avant-garde strategy which let both editors, marginal in the field of art, achieve the status of “leaders” of the modernist movement, recognized or at least carefully watched by artists and critics abroad. Next to other factors, important was the visual aspect of the magazine, praised for many impressive, modern illustrations, often reproduced in other avant-garde publications. The author analyzes visual resources used and reproduced in L’Esprit Nouveau, referring to the postulates of “objectivism” and “thingness”, endorsed by the periodical, and considering the part that “ready-made” images, found in the daily press and commercial catalogues as well as on postcards. played in Le Corbusier’s polemical and programmatic texts. Their strongly persuasive message was often rooted in montage and quotations which stressed its heterogeneity. In terms of composition and aesthetics, the reproduced images supported the aesthetics of transparency, order, and thingness, so characteristic of L’Esprit Nouveau. The emblems of modernity emerged from the movement of anonymous images which acquired the value of symbols.    Ozenfant’s and Le Corbusier’s use of images borrowed from popular culture, as well as from albums and art books, makes one consider not only their rhetorical effectiveness, but also their role in the creative process and thinking. In Le Corbusier’s artistic practice, those easily available, miniaturized images were a common instrument enhancing his visual, aesthetic approach. Such an approach, according to Georg Simmel, seems to be characteristic of the modernist attitude to the material world that consisted in subjective distance combined with the apparently opposite desire to “go back to things” by making them more concrete and closer to the senses.  
EN
The main objective of this paper is to identify the processes of accumulation and reproduction of fi xed assets on farms in Poland. In the analyzed period (2004–2011) there was considerable scope for diversifi cation of the agricultural situation in the case of accumulation in different years. The activity of the surveyed farms in terms of reproduction depends on their economic size of the economy. The most favorable situation, was in farms with size of 50–500 thousand EURO value of standard production, which indicates their signifi cant opportunities growth.
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Content available remote

Searching for Bioethical Prescriptions in a Moral Lab

75%
Ethics in Progress
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2015
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vol. 6
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issue 1
199-210
PL
The paper reviews the book written by F.M. Kamm, entitled Bioethical Prescriptions: To Create, End, Choose, and Improve Lives (published in Oxford: Oxford University Press in 2013, pp. 599). Kamm is one of the most prominent analytical philosophers in moral philosophy, known from such works as Intricate Ethics (2007). She defends the rights-based approach to ethics and is also famous from constructing multilayered moral dilemmas. The review poses methodological questions, of whether scientific-like thought experiments performed in a moral lab, and the Method of Hypothetical Cases are able to transform our ethical dilemmas and provide any solutions. In the final part of the review, the first chapter of the book on Tolstoy’s essay (The Death of Ivan Ilych) is discussed in more detail.
EN
The text offers enlightening reflections on issues concerning reproductions of works of art, the status of an original and a copy, the problem of conservation, and the role of digital photography. Latour and Lowe raise the contentious issue of how good and bad reproductions can affect the original, participate in what they call “the migration of the aura”. This is primarily a case study of a production, presentation, reception and the meaning of a facsimile of a Veronese work, Nozze di Cana at its original location, San Giorgio in Venice. The second part of the text (the appendix) is a meticulous, technical description of the stages of production of the picture by Lowe.
EN
During the long nineteenth century, the Royal Academy of Fine Arts of Antwerp – just like many other art schools in this period – assembled a collection of some 500 plaster casts after ancient and modern sculptures, which played an essential role in the education of young art students. The creation of such collections went in parallel with the blossoming of cast museums all over Europe, as well as the emergence of a large-scale exchange network set up to facilitate the international dissemination of plaster casts. However, in contrast to cast museums, which brought together masterpieces of classical Western sculpture in order to contribute to the aesthetic edification of the public, the cast collections of art academies had a more pragmatic and didactic function. This article focuses on cast collections at art academies, and how the formation and functioning of such collections related to broader educational concepts and practices at these schools. Taking the collection of plaster casts at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts of Antwerp as a case study, we will trace the various actors, methods and strategies employed to create the collection, uncover how the collection related to the artistic idea(l)s expressed in the educational programme of that institution, and discuss how and where it was located and displayed. Based on the rich archives of the academy, it examines a broad range of different sources, including purchase lists, inventories and correspondence concerning the formation of the collection, as well as floor plans, photographs and original drawings attesting to the location and use of the casts. It traces the provenance of the objects, analyzes the profiles of the individuals and institutions involved in creating the collection, and identifies to what extent and how creative repurposing played a role in the collection’s functioning. The article argues how cast collections formed by art academies – in addition to representing the art historical canon of a given place or period – are an important reflection of the didactic practices, aesthetic priorities and, above all, the creative encounters that distinguish these institutions from the purposes of the public (cast) museum.
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Kapitał a płeć

71%
Praktyka Teoretyczna
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2017
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vol. 25
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issue 3
196-212
EN
Although Marx in Capital does not work directly on issues such as gender or family, there is no doubt that Marxist historical materialism has had a profound impact on feminist theory. However, Silvia Federici argues that we need to distinguish between two Marxes, who have different views not only on gender, but also on the forms of class struggle. The first one concealed the problem of housework and reproductive work; for him the class struggle was strictly connected with working in industry. The second Marx, discovered by feminists in the 1970s, provided us with tools that enable us to rethink the particular forms of exploitation that women in capitalist societies are being subjected to.
PL
Pomimo że Kapitał nie podejmuje bezpośrednio kwestii płci i rodziny, nie ulega wątpliwości, że Marksowski materializm historyczny odcisnął głębokie piętno na teorii feministycznej. Jednak, jak przekonuje Silvia Federici, koniecznym jest rozróżnienie dwóch Marksów, których dzieli pogląd na kwestię płci, ale również na formy walki klasowej. O ile pierwszy z nich przemilczał kwestię pracy domowej i reprodukcyjnej, a walkę klasową powiązał wprost z pracą przemysłową, ten drugi – odkryty przez feministki lat 70. XX wieku – dostarczył narzędzi do przemyślenia szczególnych form wyzysku, jakiemu poddawane są kobiety w społeczeństwach kapitalistycznych.
Praktyka Teoretyczna
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2019
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vol. 33
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issue 3
17-28
EN
This is a translation of the final chapter of Re-enchanting the World: Feminism and the Politics of the Commons (2019) by Silvia Federici. The author opposes the opinion that technological development brings about more freedom for society and illustrates how it is accompanied by a growing level of exploitation. According to her, the exploitation of labour is rendered possible by ”a history of the disaccumulation” of common goods and pre-capitalist capacities, connected to our immediate, non-privatised contact with nature. In the second part, Federici argues that today’s struggles in defense of the commons, often led by women, has gained fundamental and global importance. She advocates for reproductive labor as a responsible and paradoxically subversive strategy in the face of political and ecological crisis.
PL
Tłumaczenie rozdziału książki Re-enchanting the World. Feminism and the Politics of the Commons (2019) Silvii Federici. Autorka polemizuje tu z opiniami, które przypisują rozwojowi technologii i komputeryzacji społecznie wyzwalającą funkcję. Wykazuje, że postęp technologiczny pokrywa się z rosnącą skalą wyzysku, ale także z „historią dezakumulacji” dóbr wspólnych i przedkapitalistycznych umiejętności, związanych z bezpośrednim i niesprywatyzowanym kontaktem ze światem przyrody. W drugiej części Federici pokazuje, w jaki sposób walki w obronie dóbr wspólnych, toczone najczęściej przez kobiety, zyskują dziś zasadnicze i globalne znaczenie. Opowiada się też po stronie pracy reprodukcyjnej jako odpowiedzialnej i paradoksalnie subwersywnej strategii przydatnej w obliczu politycznego i ekologicznego kryzysu.
PL
Artykuł stanowi próbę analizy futurystycznego dyskursu pronatalistycznego na podstawie manifestów programowych oraz artystycznych realizacji. Postulaty reprodukcyjne, na szeroką skalę obecne w wystąpieniach polskich futurystów, sytuowane zwykle w obszarze typowego dla lat dwudziestych witalizmu, ukazane zostają w perspektywie biopolitycznej, eksponującej miejsce przecięcia tego, co biologiczne z horyzontem politycznym i społecznym. Autorka próbuje prześledzić zwłaszcza polityczne uwikłania „projektu populacyjnego” polskich futurystów, który wykazuje liczne paradoksy, sytuując się pomiędzy pronatalistyczną retoryką właściwą nacjonalistycznym dyskursom (z jednej strony, tym propagowanym przez F.T. Marinettiego, z drugiej natomiast, konstruowanym w Polsce bezpośrednio po odzyskaniu niepodległości), a myśleniem w kategoriach wspólnoty, rozpoczynającej się od materialnych funkcji ciała. W tym drugim kontekście, reprodukcyjne postulaty są nie tylko atakiem na burżuazyjną moralność, ale ściśle wiążą się z futurystyczną krytyką wszelkich instytucji społecznych i aparatu państwa z jego biopolitycznymi dyspozycjami.
EN
The article constitutes an attempt at analysing futurist pronatalist discourse, on the basis of the manifestos and artistic praxis of the Futurists. The reproduction postulates, prevalent in the works of the Polish Futurists and usually placed in the context of vitalism, characteristic of the 1920s, are shown from a biopolitical perspective, emphasizing the intersection of the biological with the political and social horizons. The author attempts to trace especially the political entanglements of the “population project” of the Polish Futurists, which turns out be marked by numerous paradoxes, situating itself between the pronatalist rhetoric typical of nationalistdiscourse (on the one hand, the discourse promoted by F.T. Marinetti, and on the other, the one formulated in Poland directly after regaining independence) and thinking in terms of a community which starts from the material functions of the body. In this second context, the reproduction postulates are not only an attack on bourgeois morality, but are closely connected with the futurist critique of all social institutions and the state apparatus with its biopolitical dispositions.
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