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EN
The article is devoted to the influence of European competition law on the application of Polish competition rules by Polish courts. It covers references to EU law that has been made throughout 20 years of its history. It aims at identifying various instances where EU law has been invoked to provide Polish competition rules with the actual content as well as different modes of referrals to EU law.
FR
L’article concerne l’influence de la loi européenne de la concurrence sur l’application des règles polonaises de concurrence par des tribunaux polonais. L’article couvre les références a la loi de l’UE développée au cours des 20 années de son histoire. Son but est d’identifier des instances où la loi de l’EU a été invoquée pour donner aux règles polonaises de la concurrence le contenu actuel et les modes de référence a la loi de l’UE.
EN
This article presents the main issues relating to the goals of modern Polish competition law. It examines the relationship between the subject-matter of competition law, its function and its goals. It identifies various goals of competition law as well as their acceptance in the legal doctrine and jurisprudence. The study shows that the goals of Polish competition law have always been limited to enhancing efficiency and consumer welfare, with this latter term being understood in a post-Chicago-school fashions, rather than accordingly to its Chicago-school origin. This article shows how an 18-years competition law system, rather accidentally than deliberately, took the best ideas from both the American and the European legal tradition and mix them up into an incoherent, yet workable system of competition protection which is favourable towards efficient operations and, at the same time, safeguards consumers against exploitation and diminished choice.
PL
Klauzule największego uprzywilejowania stały się ostatnio obiektem zainteresowania organów ochrony konkurencji pomimo częstego ich stosowania w handlu międzynarodowym czy w umowach między przedsiębiorcami i panującego powszechnie poglądu, że mają one głównie prokonkurencyjne skutki. Klauzule MFN pozwalają na uzyskanie przez odbiorców korzystnych warunków handlowych, umożliwiają eliminację ryzyka wiążącego się z wprowadzaniem na rynek nowych produktów, czy też pozwalają na minimalizowanie kosztów transakcyjnych. Organy antymonopolowe wskazują jednak coraz częściej również na antykonkurencyjne aspekty tych klauzul, takie jak: łagodzenie konkurencji na rynku, utrudnianie wejścia na rynek nowych graczy, czy ułatwianie koordynacji działań rynkowych między konkurentami. Potwierdzeniem tych zarzutów są orzeczenia w takich sprawach, jak HRS, E-books, czy zmiany legislacyjne w USA wynikające ze sprawy Blue Cross Blue Shield Michigan
EN
Most favored nation (MFN) clauses have recently started drawing the attention of antitrust authorities, regardless of their common use in international trade and multilateral agreements, and irrespective of the common view that they have mostly pro-competitive effects. MFN clauses allow customers to obtain profitable commercial conditions, minimize the risk related to the launch of new products, as well as reduce transaction costs. However, antitrust authorities increasingly point out that MFN clauses have anticompetitive effects also, such as weakening market competition, creating market entry barriers for new players, or allowing for coordination of market activities between competitors. Decisions in such cases as HRS or E-books, as well as amendments to legal regulations in the USA resulting from the Blue Cross Shield Michigan case seem to confirm these antitrust concerns
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