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Sankce z pohledu mezinárodního práva

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Bílková V.
Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)
|
2023
|
vol. 162
|
issue 6
481-495
EN
This paper considers international sanctions from the perspective of international law. It seeks to identify some of the ambiguities surrounding the notion of sanctions and, at the same time, to explain what sanctions may include and how they operate. The first chapter defines sanctions, provides their typology, and distinguishes four main stages of their historical development. The second chapter shows that sanctions do not have a uniform legal basis in international law, but, rather, fall under different institutions, depending on their author and the grounds for their adoption. In addition to UN collective sanctions, current international law also knows other types of collective sanctions as well as autonomous sanctions, which usually qualify as retorsion or (individual or collective) countermeasures.
CS
Tento příspěvek se zaměřuje na problematiku sankcí z pohledu mezinárodního práva. Snaží se upozornit na některé nejasnosti, jež používání výrazu sankce provázejí, a zároveň co nejpřehledněji zmapovat, co vše sankce zahrnují a jak fungují. První kapitola sankce vymezuje, nabízí jejich typologii a rozlišuje čtyři hlavní etapy jejich vývoje. Druhá kapitola ukazuje, že sankce nemají v mezinárodním právu jednotný právní základ, ale spadají pod různé instituty v závislosti na tom, kdo vůči komu a na jakém základě je přijímá. Kromě kolektivních sankcí OSN zná současné mezinárodní právo některé další kolektivní sankce a také sankce autonomní, jež obvykle spadají pod retorze anebo pod (individuální či kolektivní) protiopatření.
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The Dispute between Gilson and Maritain over Thomist Realism

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Chamberlain S.
Studia Gilsoniana
|
2017
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vol. 6
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issue 2
177-195
EN
This paper considers the proper location and function of critique in establishing a Thomist realism. The author begins by providing a brief explanation of Étienne Gilson’s understanding of critique and why he thinks a “critical realism” is incoherent. Next, the author considers the criticisms made by John Knasas who, from a Gilsonian perspective, argues that Jacques Maritain employs a version of the transcendental method of retorsion in order to justify his realism. Finally, the author offers a Maritainian response to Knasas in which it is argued that Maritain’s account provides a via media between the Transcendental Thomists, on the one hand, and the strict Aristotelian or a posteriori Thomists, on the other.
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