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EN
The article addresses the problem of financial determinants of return on equity (ROE) in the food industry in Poland. The analysis was conducted on the basis of the decomposition of the rate of return on sales and in conjunction with the system of indicators linking the return on sales to return on assets and equity. In addition, in order to identify the significance of individual components of the ROE system, ordered logit regression models were estimated. The parameters of logit regression of the ordered categories justify why we look for reasons for the ROE diversity among food industries primarily in the ability to generate the added value, in the labour costs, in the rational management of financial costs, in the efficient use of wealth and in the formation of a more aggressive capital structure, determining the level of leverage.
EN
The purpose of the study is to verify the hypothesis holding that the positive effects of exports improve the profitability of businesses. The positive impact of exports on return on equity is confirmed by both a dynamic panel data model and Granger causality test. Calculations were performed for 50 manufacturing companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. The dynamic panel data model was estimated using the Blundell-Bond estimation technique.
EN
The main objective of this paper is an attempt to identify changes in the financial condition of private equity backed companies in which the divestment process was carried out by the initial public offering and to examine the level of capital efficiency in this group of firms. The major hypothesis, that return on equity in portfolio companies of private equity funds after lists its securities on a public exchange is sustained decline has been positively verified. Empirical research was realized based on the financial statements of 23 portfolio companies of private equity funds, which primary listing on the Warsaw Stock Exchange was held in 2002–2008.
EN
Research background: The trade sector is considered to be the power of economy, in developing countries in particular. With regard to the Czech Republic, this field of the national economy constitutes the second most significant employer and, at the same time, the second most significant contributor to GNP. Apart from traditional methods of business analyzing and identifying leaders, artificial neural networks are widely used. These networks have become more popular in the field of economy, although their potential has yet to be fully exploited. Purpose of the article: The aim of this article is to analyze the trade sector in the Czech Republic using Kohonen networks and to identify the leaders in this field. Methods: The data set consists of complete financial statements of 11,604 enterprises that engaged in trade activities in the Czech Republic in 2016. The data set is subjected to cluster analysis using Kohonen networks. Individual clusters are subjected to the analysis of absolute indicators and return on equity which, apart from other, shows a special attraction of individual clusters to potential investors. Average and absolute quantities of individual clusters are also analyzed, which means that the most successful clusters of enterprises in the trade sector are indicated. Findings & Value added: The results show that a relatively small group of enter-prises enormously influences the development of the trade sector, including the whole economy. The results of analyzing 319 enterprises showed that it is possible to predict the future development of the trade sector. Nevertheless, it is also evident that the trade sector did not go well in 2016, which means that investments of owners are minimal.
PL
Parytet 30%-40% udziału kobiet w organach kierowniczych dużych spółek publicznych został wprowadzony w wielu krajach UE. W uza-sadnieniu wskazuje się na poprawę wyników finansowych firm z kobietami w managemencie. Celem pracy jest ocena sytuacji w Polsce, badanie zmian frakcji kobiet w kierownictwach spółek notowanych na GPW i analiza wpły-wu tych zmian na sytuację finansową spółek. Badaniem objęto 32 spółki z indeksu WIG30 i spółki Skarbu Państwa. Otrzymane wyniki nie potwierdzają dodatniej korelacji między zmianami frakcji kobiet, a zmianami ROE.
EN
The gender parity assuring 30-40% women in boards of big public companie, has been already affected in some EU states. Justification of this idea states the improvement of financial performance of companies with female managers. The aim of our research is evaluation of the situation in Poland, investigation of changes in women fraction in management of companies listed on WSE and analysis of its influence to changes of ROE. Research is provided for 32 companienies fom the stock index WIG30 or the State Treasury companies. The obtained results do not prove the positive correlation between changes of the women fractin and ROE. Keywords: public companies, return on equity, women presence in boardrooms
EN
Characteristic features of the manifestation of globalization and international integration in financial relations is the creation of international financial institutions, the entry of foreign capital into the national financial markets and strengthening its influence on the development of national financial systems. In Ukraine, the result of globalization and the international financial integration was the entry of foreign banks into the domestic financial markets by buying absorption of Ukrainian banks establishment by new banks with foreign capital. Among the main advantages of globalization environment is the liberalization of financial markets, the opening of national borders to the international movement of funds in global financial integration space and so on. Along with this in the context of globalization and openness of the national economy in a short period of time has been an increase of foreign capital in the capital of banks in Ukraine, which requires an assessment of the efficiency of capital in the total capital of the bank system and the new trends of the national banking system, introduced by the presence of foreign capital. On the basis of analysis of the indicators the assessment of the effectiveness of foreign capital in the capital of domestic banks was analyzed and positive and negative trends in their participation in the banking system of Ukraine were found. The main goal is comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of foreign capital in the capital of banks in Ukraine and the object are foreign banks in Ukraine. The main methods that are used in this article are statistics and calculations
EN
This article should be treated as the contribution to take up the discussion about the choice of return on equity. In accordance with the subject literature, return on equity is the ratio of net profit to equity capital. The calculation of return on equity based on the growth of retained profits seems to in more adequate to reality way point at the possibility of achieving higher benefits by stockholders in the future. The essential aim of this article is to present several scholarly reflections resulting from the analysis of return on equity with the use of two it’s measures i. e. profitability estimated by the net profit and the growth of retained profits. The realization of the appointed goal has been done with taking advantage of data from financial statements of KGHM company in the years 2007–2011, drown up by International Financial Reporting Standards/ International Accounting Standards.
EN
The aim of this paper is to evaluate the relationship between financial liquidity and return on equity. The empirical studies attempted to determine which of the factors contributed to the greatest extent to changes in return on equity and how important was the role played in this respect by changes in financial liquidity in joint stock companies in the sector of building materials under conditions of crisis.
PL
Celem pracy jest oszacowanie związku pomiędzy płynnością finansową a zwrotem z kapitału. Badania empiryczne były próbą określenia, który z czynników w największym stopniu przyczynił się do zmian w zwrocie z kapitału i jak istotna była rola odgrywana w tym względzie przez zmiany w płynności finansowej w spółkach giełdowych w sektorze materiałów budowlanych w warunkach kryzysu.
EN
The aim of the study was to analyse the diversity of return on equity in the cooperative banks in Poland in 2010– 2014. The analysis was conducted using data of the Polish Financial Supervision Authority, on the basis of a modifi ed decomposition rate of return on equity. Assessment of the rate of return on equity was made in a size of banks, as determined by the value of assets. In addition, in order to determine the strength and direction of impact the individual components of the model on the formation of return on equity method was applied functional. The study suggests that cooperative banks eff ectively use the equity, because the rate of return on equity was signifi cantly higher than the rate of return on assets. The average return on assets in 2010–2014 was relatively lower in the largest banks and ranged from 0.7–0.9%, and the smallest banks return on assets was approximately 1%. In turn, the return on equity was higher at banks with major assets (over 200 million PLN). In 2013–2014 the rate of return both on assets and equity expressly declined. The main determinants of changes in return on equity were changing the multiplier reduction of profi t from banking activities by operating costs and costs of banking risk and return on assets, as well as measured result on banking activities.
PL
Celem pracy była przyczynowo-skutkowa analiza zróżnicowania rentowności kapitału własnego w bankach spółdzielczych w Polsce w latach 2010–2014. Analizę przeprowadzono przy wykorzystaniu danych Komisji Nadzoru Finansowego na bazie zmodyfi kowanej dekompozycji wskaź- nika rentowności kapitału własnego, w której ujęto cztery wpływające na nią czynniki. Oceny kształtowania się stopy zwrotu z kapitału własnego dokonano w układzie wielko- ści banków, wyznaczonej przez wartość aktywów. Ponadto, w celu określenia siły i kierunku wpływu poszczególnych składników modelu na kształtowanie się rentowności kapitału własnego, zastosowano metodę funkcyjną. Przeprowadzone badania wskazują, że niezależnie od wartości aktywów banki spółdzielcze efektywnie wykorzystywały kapitał własny, ponieważ stopa zwrotu z kapitału własnego znacząco przewyższała uzyskany zwrot z aktywów. Średnia rentowność aktywów w latach 2010–2014 była relatywnie niższa w największych bankach i mieściła się w przedziale 0,7–0,9%, a w najmniejszych bankach zwrot z aktywów wynosił oko- ło 1%. Z kolei rentowność kapitału własnego była wyższa w bankach o większych aktywach, tj. powyżej 200 mln zł. W latach 2013–2014 uzyskiwane stopy zwrotu zarówno z aktywów, jak i z kapitału własnego wyraźnie się obniżyły. Głównymi determinantami zmian rentowności kapitału własnego były zmiany stopnia wytracenia zysku z działalności bankowej przez koszty operacyjne i koszty realizacji ryzyka bankowego oraz rentowności aktywów mierzonej wynikiem z działalności bankowej.
EN
This study analyzed the factors affecting the performance of 41 non-financial companies listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) using panel data over the period 2003 to 2013. A Hausman test results suggested the application of a random effects model for ROA and a fixed effects model for ROE. The empirical results of the estimation of both ROA and ROE show that corporate governance was statistically significant in determining the performance of firms and it had the expected sign (Positive). The leverage of the firm also had the expected negative sign and was statistically significant in explaining the performance of companies. Firm size and liquidity were however found to be statistically insignificant in determining the performance of these firms. Consistent with previous studies, the study concluded that board size, board independence and liquidity are key determinants of a firm’s financial performance. Consequently, the study recommends that a firm should ensure optimal board size, board independence (i.e increase the number of non-executive directors and sound liquidity management.The study recommends comparative studies to be undertaken on the factors influencing the financial performance of the financial and non-financial companies listed at the Nairobi securities exchange as well as those not listed. In addition, it recommends that further studies could be extended to analyze the factors affecting the performance of companies at cross-country level such as within the East African Community.
PL
W badaniach autorzy podjęli próbę określenia kluczowych czynników wpływających na efektywność polskich banków spółdzielczych w latach 2005–2012. Badaniami objęto próbę losowo wybranych 124 banków spółdzielczych, które nieprzerwanie prowadziły swoją działalność w okresie badawczym. W trakcie badań określono, z wykorzystaniem modeli danych panelowych, czynniki warunkujące poziom zysku netto, rentowność funduszy własnych, rentowność aktywów ogółem oraz marżę finansową w badanych bankach. Pod uwagę wzięto 20 zmiennych określających sytuację ekonomiczno-finansową banków spółdzielczych, z których 12 okazało się istotnymi. Ważne jest to, że 3 zmienne, tj. kredyty dla sektora rolniczego, depozyty przedsiębiorstw, spółek prywatnych i spółdzielni oraz depozyty przedsiębiorców indywidualnych, były kluczowe niezależnie od przyjętej miary efektywności.
EN
The study attempts to identify the key factors affecting the efficiency of Polish cooperative banks in 2005–2012. The study included 124 randomly selected cooperative banks in operation in the period studied. Factors determining the level of net profit, return on equity, return on total assets and financial margin were examined at the banks surveyed. Twenty variables that could determine the economic and financial situation of cooperative banks were first considered. Of these, twelve turned out to be relevant. It is important that the three key variables were independent of the adopted measures of efficiency, that is, loans to the agricultural sector, the deposits of enterprises, private companies and cooperatives, and the deposits of individual entrepreneurs.
PL
Zdarzenia, które doprowadziły po 2007 roku do upadku wielu podmiotów gospodarczych, stały się impulsem do poszukiwania nowych lub doskonalenia istniejących narzędzi umożliwiających realizację dokonań finansowych jednostki na poziomie zapewniającym kontynuację działania. Jednym z takich narzędzi mogą okazać się tworzone w rachunkowości rezerwy. Celem artykułu jest ustalenie, jaką kondycją finansową charakteryzowały się grupy spółek, wyodrębnione ze względu na zachowanie w latach 2007–2014 podobnego udziału rezerw bilansowych w pasywach ogółem. Aby ten cel osiągnąć, wykorzystano metodę hierarchiczną do przebadania 380 spółek notowanych na Giełdzie Papierów Wartościowych w Warszawie (indeks WIG) w latach 2007–2014. Uzyskane wyniki pozwalają zweryfikować hipotezę, zgodnie z którą wyodrębnione grupy spółek wykazywały różny poziom dokonań finansowych, mierzonych wskaźnikiem rentowności kapitałów własnych oraz wartością rynkową. Ujmowanie rezerw bilansowych można zatem traktować jako narzędzie służące kształtowaniu kondycji finansowej przed-siębiorstwa.
EN
The situation that led to the bankruptcy of companies after 2007 became an impulse to search for new or improve existing tools that enable the implementation of the financial achievements of the entity at a level ensuring continuity of operations. Reserves may be one of the useful tools. The aim of the article is to determine the financial condition of groups of companies distinguished on the basis of maintenance in the years 2007–2014 of a similar share of reserves in total liabilities. For the purpose of this study, a hierarchical method was used to examine 380 companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WIG index) in the years 2007–2014. The results provide further support for the hypothesis that the selected groups of companies presented different levels of financial achievements, measured by the return on equity and market value of the companies. Therefore, recognition of reserves in total liabilities can be treated as a tool for creating the financial condition of companies.
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