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Filozoficzne korzenie konfliktu między Marksem a Bakuninem

100%
Robertson A.
Internetowy Magazyn Filozoficzny Hybris
|
2018
|
vol. 40
|
issue 1
180-211
EN
This essay explores the underlying philosophical differences separating Marxism and anarchism by examining the specific philosophies of Marx and Bakunin. The conflicting philosophical foundations of these two philosophers reveal why there were irreconcilable political and strategic differences between them, even though both were members of the First International and both were equally dedicated to the abolition of capitalism.Bakunin, for example, posited humans as basically natural creatures with permanently fixed natures while for Marx humans have been evolving throughout history, becoming more rational in the process, and thus exhibiting different human natures in different historical periods. Accordingly, both authors adopted starkly different conceptions of freedom, where Bakunin sought to identify freedom with acting according to natural impulses while Marx defined it in terms of conscious, rational collective action.With these contrasting philosophical foundations Marx and Bakunin proceeded to outline incompatible theories of the State and diverging strategies in abolishing it; they disagreed on who would be most likely to lead a revolutionary upheaval; and they differed on what organizational forms would be needed to accomplish their revolutionary aims.
2
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Spór o użyteczność teorii inteligentnego projektu dla nauki

86%
Sagan D.
Kultura i Edukacja
|
2013
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issue 3(96)
28-49
EN
According to intelligent design theory, certain biological and cosmic phenomena were designed by an intelligent being, which could be just as well natural and supernatural. This design is to be scientifically detectable in basically similar fashion as in the case of the effects of the purposeful activity of man. However, critics pose an objection that unscientific character of this theory is discernible in that it is not useful for science because it does not inspire new scientific research and thus it is stopping the progress of science. It is claimed that this theory could easily explain any phenomenon, referring to the category of „intelligent design”, and in this case the word „explanation” has ironic overtone. It is indicated also that proponents of intelligent design theory do not publish the results of their research in renowned scientific journals. This objection could be answered in twofold way: methodological and sociological in character. According to the first answer, science does not depend solely on inspiring new research but also on offering a new view of the known facts, and the design conclusion could be made and justified independently of whether it enables to gain knowledge of its maker or method of its accomplishment. The second answer is that development of novel theories is in large degree hampered by the resistance of the defenders of an orthodox theory, and of established understanding of science, who basically do not display tolerance for revolutionary theories. The mechanisms such as the procedure of reviewing of articles or financing of research projects system, controlled by the defenders of status quo, are of great importance in that case. The chances to receive the grants which could facilitate and accelerate the development of a new, going against the status quo theory, as well as to publish articles inspired by this theory in recognized scientific journals are minuscule, and the change of such situation requires the change of the preference pattern in the world of science.
3

Trzy typy antagonizmów

58%
Kochan T.
Nowa Krytyka
|
2014
|
issue 32
145-161
EN
The main goal of this paper is to describe the three main types of class antagonisms as pointed by the author, based on the marxist idea of class warfare. These types are: the system antagonism – which occurs inside specific systems; the class antagonism – which can be observed inside proletariat and inside different, specific classes, and formation antagonism which is the valid antagonism between revolutionary and reactionary social classes, leading to critical contradictions and to the process of revolution. The modern capitalist society of Europe and western, imperialist capitalisms is described as a non-revolutionary, individualist system, where proletariat goals are shared with the goals of the class of capitalists. Therefore – the class contradictions existing in First World countries aren’t contradictions leading to the real antagonism on the formations level, which is necessary to occur if the capitalism is to be replaced with socialism. The theory of revolution presented in the article points at the processes of economical socialization against capitalist productivity as the key factor in creating socialism inside now-imperialist countries. To accomplish this, the movement of the political left and socialist forces should not concentrate on simple fight for higher salaries.
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