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EN
The purpose of this article is to discuss legal measures that allow an individual to seek protection against unequal or discriminatory treatment in horizontal relations. Taking as a starting point that Article 32(2) of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland and Article 33 of the Constitution are also applicable in horizontal relations, the author attempts to identify legal norms that protect an individual in this respect. In addition, an attempt is made at finding sanctions against violations of norms prohibiting discrimination. As part of the conducted deliberations, the author focuses on three basic legal acts, the civil code, the labor code, and the equality act, because they are the main normative source of protection of the individual against discrimination in horizontal relations. Individual legal institutions are discussed from the perspective of their scope of application in terms of subject and object and through the prism of potential sanctions. The author also undertakes an attempt to assess the effectiveness of these means and draws attention to the existing legislative shortcomings mainly related to the way of regulating the so-called actions against discrimination in the equality law. In the last part, the author makes considerations regarding the procedural aspects related to the pursuit of claims for discrimination, and in particular focuses on the institution’s reversed burden of proof in this type of proceedings.
EN
Apart from conceptual aspects and the analysis of the (national and Community) judicature, this article focuses on two questions: (1) the hierarchy of equality, including the “progressive interpretations” of the Community legislation, which have caused potential conflicts between the Community law and the national law (in particular constitutional law), and (2) the affirmative (in particular procedural law) actions whose scope and nature consistently derogates from the rights of individuals, including the right to equal treatment. The elimination of the principle of proportionality in respect of the basic human rights generates inconsistency of the law as 183 well as hierarchical divisions of individuals into groups or classes subject to unequal treatment those who enjoy legal protection and those who are excluded from it. It is a fairly common aspect of the affirmative actions in question. This article discusses the titular right to equal treatment, including the assessment of how this right is exercised and protected in substantive and procedural law, in view of the common practice of religious discrimination (against Christians).
PL
Oprócz aspektów pojęciowych i analizy orzecznictwa (krajowego i UE) przedmiotem niniejszego opracowania są kwestie: hierarchii równości, w tym „progresywne interpretacje” ustawodawstwa wspólnotowego, które stały się podstawą potencjalnych konfliktów między prawem UE a prawem krajowym (szczególnie w zakresie konstytucyjnym). W zakresie analizy skoncentruje się również na działaniach afirmatywnych (szczególnie prawno-procesowych), których obszar i charakter powszechnie deroguje prawa podmiotowe, a więc także prawo do równego traktowania. Eliminacja towarzyszącej podstawowym prawom człowieka zasady proporcjonalności, generuje zarówno niespójność prawa, jak i podziały hierarchiczne podmiotów na grupy, czy klasy ważniejsze i mniej ważne (chronione i zwolnione z ochrony prawnej). Stanowi zatem dość powszechny czynnik przedmiotowych działań afirmatywnych. Zakres artykułu swoją treścią koncentruje się na tytułowym prawie do równego traktowania, w tym ocenie realizacji tego prawa w aspekcie materialno-procesowym wobec powszechnych praktyk wynikających z dyskryminacji religijnej (religii chrześcijańskiej).
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