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EN
The article focuses on the analysis of the relationship of the title character of Pierścień Wielkiej-Damy [The Ring of a Great Lady] to objects or (commonly understood) things. This analysis allows to formulate the hypothesis that Norwid’s intention was to present the protagonist as a “substantial and complete woman”, as an entirely positive character (in Norwid Studies, the general view on Countess Harrys is rather different).
EN
In 2015, Maria and Krzysztof Piasecki donated a brass ring found in the village of Chłapowo, on a field near the cemetery, to the Archaeological Reserve in Giecz. The style of the artefact suggests that the ring is an example of the so-called black jewellery, related to the period preceding the outbreak of the January Uprising in 1863. This is an openwork ring (Ø approx. 23 mm), made from loosely twisted triple wire with a soldered die-cut plate in the shape of a cross, heart and anchor. Both the method of production and the raw material suggest that the ring was a cheap mass-produced item, related to a high social demand for patriotic jewellery in the pre-uprising period. The vogue for black jewellery resulted from the events that took place in Warsaw in 1861. After national demonstrations had been bloodily supressed by the tsarist authorities, a national mourning was announced among the Poles, which also covered the areas of the Prussian and Austrian partitions. Wearing black mourning outfits and patriotic jewellery became the original manifestation of national-liberation views. The patriotic symbolism of the Chłapowo ring was based on four themes. The cross, a sign of mourning, referred directly to the Warsaw events of February and April 1861. The anchor expressed a desire for independence and the longing for its regaining. The heart meant love for the homeland and national unity. On the other hand, the tripartite cord forming the ring represented the enslavement of the Poles under the three partitions. An analogous combination of symbols is quite common in pre-uprising jewellery. The ring from Chłapowo thus fits in with a peculiar canon of national symbols shaped between 1861 and 1862 and this is when it was most likely produced.
EN
The author has carried out a comparative analysis of sources pertaining tothe legend of Kinga’s ring. Kinga was the daughter of Hungarian King BelaIV, and she wed Boleslaus the Chaste (Bolesław Wstydliwy), Duke of Cracowand Sandomierz. According to a life of the duchess written by an anonymoushagiographer in 1317–1329, she journeyed to Hungary and asked her father tobestow a salt mine upon her. After her request was granted, Kinga cast a goldring into the mine, and some time later it was found in a block of salt that camefrom the first pit (fovea) to be mined in Bochnia (Poland). Certain scholarshave detected in this legend echoes of actual events, duly ascribing miningspecialists from Hungary a key role in the development of salt mining in Poland(Adam Naruszewicz, Karol Szajnocha, Hieronim Łabęcki, Franciszek Skibiński, and also several Hungarian historians). Even Józef Piotrowicz, who emphatically rejected such an interpretation of the legend, reflected that there was ‘a grain of truth in it’. The collation of passages that refer to the oldest hagiographic tradition about this Hungarian princess has enabled the author of this study to clarify the relations among the works containing these references (Traska’s Annals, The Chronicle of Dzierzwa, The Chronicle of Greater Poland, The Life and Miracles of Duchess Kinga). However, above all, this undertaking allowed the author to establish the milieu which contributed to the dissemination of the legend, namely the Franciscans of southern Poland, most probably the Poor Clares of Stary Sącz. Aided by these religious communities, the hagiographerexplained how deposits of rock salt appeared near Cracow, whereas the fact of the actual establishment of the Bochnia was only of secondary importance to him. Kinga symbolically married salt for the good of her adopted homeland, thanks to which salt deposits miraculously appeared near Cracow, having multiplied in a characteristic manner. It was only Late Medieval and Early Modern writers who started to interpret the legend in a different way, stressing that the wife of Boleslaus the Chaste contributed to the mining of the first pit at Bochnia. The account of the discovery of the ring should thus not be treated as a testimony to any kind of influence of Hungarian specialists on the development of Polish salt mining.
PL
Autor, wykorzystując metodę krytyki źródłoznawczej, analizuje legendę o pierścieniu Kingi, córki króla Węgier Beli IV, która została wydana za księcia krakowsko-sandomierskiego Bolesława Wstydliwego. Według żywotu księż­nej, sporządzonego przez nieznanego z imienia hagiografa w latach 1317–1329, podczas wizyty u swoich rodziców na Węgrzech poprosiła ona ojca, by ten dał jej kopalnię soli. Gdy ojciec spełnił jej prośbę, Kinga wrzuciła do kopalni złoty pierścień, który po długim czasie miał zostać odnaleziony w bałwanie solnym wydobytym z pierwszej bocheńskiej góry. Poszczególni badacze do­szukiwali się w owej legendzie śladu rzeczywistych wydarzeń, przypisując specjalistom górniczym z Węgier kluczową rolę w rozwoju polskiego górnic­twa solnego (Adam Naruszewicz, Karol Szajnocha, Hieronim Łabęcki, Fran­ciszek Skibiński, a także niektórzy węgierscy historycy). Nawet Józef Piotro­wicz, który w zdecydowany sposób odrzucił zasadność takiej interpretacji, przypuścił, że tkwi w niej ziarno prawdy. Zestawienie zapisek odnoszących się do najstarszej tradycji hagiograficznej o tej węgierskiej księżniczce pozwoliło na doprecyzowanie relacji między zawierającymi je dziełami (Rocznik Traski, Kronika Dzierzwy, Kronika Wielkopolska, Żywot i cuda księżnej Kingi), ale przede wszystkim na ustalenie środowiska, które przyczyniło się do rozpo­wszechnienia omawianej legendy, a które stanowili małopolscy franciszkanie i najpewniej klaryski starosądeckie. Hagiograf objaśnił za jej pomocą, w jaki sposób złoże soli kamiennej pojawiło się pod Krakowem, natomiast fakt otwo­rzenia bocheńskiej kopalni miał dla niego drugorzędne znaczenie. Kinga za pomocą pierścienia symbolicznie zaślubiła sól dla przybranej ojczyzny, dzięki czemu, w wyniku swoistego rozmnożenia, złoże w cudowny sposób pojawiło się pod Krakowem. Dopiero późnośredniowieczni i nowożytni pisarze zaczęli interpretować omawianą legendę w odmienny sposób, zwracając uwagę, że to żona Bolesława Wstydliwego przyczyniła się do wykopania pierwszego bocheńskiego szybu. Opis cudu o odnalezieniu pierścienia nie powinien być więc traktowany jako świadectwo jakiegokolwiek wpływu węgierskich spe­cjalistów na rozwój polskiego górnictwa solnego.
PL
Zasadniczym przedmiotem artykułu jest analiza stosunku tytułowej bohaterki Pierścienia Wielkiej-Damy do przedmiotów, do (potocznie rozumianych) rzeczy. Analiza ta pozwala sformułować hipotezę, iż intencją Norwida było przedstawienie protagonistki jako „kobiety istotnej i zupełnej”, jako postaci w pełnym i w głębokim tego znaczeniu pozytywnej (w norwidologii na ogół przyjęło się widzieć Hrabinę Harrys inaczej).
EN
The article focuses on the analysis of the relationship of the title character of Pierścień Wielkiej-Damy [The Ring of a Great Lady] to objects or (commonly understood) things. This analysis allows to formulate the hypothesis that Norwid’s intention was to present the protagonist as a “substantial and complete woman”, as an entirely positive character (in Norwid Studies, the general view on Countess Harrys is rather different).
PL
Zasadniczym przedmiotem artykułu jest analiza stosunku tytułowej bohaterki Pierścienia Wielkiej-Damy do przedmiotów, do (potocznie rozumianych) rzeczy. Analiza ta pozwala sformułować hipotezę, iż intencją Norwida było przedstawienie protagonistki jako „kobiety istotnej i zupełnej”, jako postaci w pełnym i w głębokim tego znaczeniu pozytywnej (w norwidologii na ogół przyjęło się widzieć Hrabinę Harrys inaczej).
EN
The article focuses on the analysis of the relationship of the title character of Pierścień Wielkiej-Damy [The Ring of a Great Lady] to objects or (commonly understood) things. This analysis allows to formulate the hypothesis that Norwid’s intention was to present the protagonist as a “substantial and complete woman”, as an entirely positive character (in Norwid Studies, the general view on Countess Harrys is rather different).
EN
In this paper the author offers an overview of hoards containing ornamental items, that is, jewellery, dress ornaments as well as ornaments used to decorate other artefacts. Je mapping of finds, starting with those from the second half of the 12th c., does not display any concentration in the discussed territory. However, there is quite a large concentration of deposits with ornaments in the southern borders, or actually beyond them—in Anhalt, Saxony-Wittenberg and in Thuringia (Fig. 1). When the finds are arranged chronologically, it turns out that deposits which were hidden in the period from c. 1360 to c. 1500 are the most numerous. Earlier hoards, however, are much richer in decorative artefacts. In later deposits such artefacts are either single specimens or their number is limited to but a few finds. There are occasional hoards dated back to the Early Middle Ages (to c. 1070) containing ornaments only or ornaments and non-monetary silver (in the form of clumps and bars). However, from the second half of the 12KP c. onwards there are no finds which contain ornamental items only. Although there are ornaments in deposits with bars (Gusskönige), they are accompanied by coins. An overwhelming majority of the ornamental items was made from silver. From the 13th c. onwards, gilding appears on the silver artefacts. Je technique of gilding is commonly used in silver jewellery artefacts from the 14th and 15th c. A silver ring from the hoard from Bardowick is ornamented in the niello technique. Gold artefacts occur very rarely, and it seems that they appear as single finds only. Bronze artefacts are truly unique. Specimens from the 14th and 15th c. are ornamented with semi-precious stones, a glass mass and enamel, while pearls are found sporadically. Amber does not occur in the discussed territory; on the other hand, it is known from small artefacts in other parts of Europe (e.g., from the Austrian hoard in Fuchsenhof, c. 1275–1278). Je assortment of ornamental artefacts for decoration of the body (jewellery) and of dress is quite similar to that from the present time. It encompasses rings (often with eyelets), annuli and signet rings, brooches used as clasps, buckles and the fittings of belts, knobs used as buttons, but also as dress ornaments, fittings (thin metal sheets with openings, used to ornament dresses, purses and caskets) in the shape of round and heraldic shields, or heraldic eagles and lions. In some hoards there are large numbers of buckles (some of these are similar to brooches, somewhat resembling fibulae). Crosses-pendants, earrings and hair pins are not common. Items of cutlery are rather sporadically found (silver spoons and silver fittings for knife handles). The largest hoards are known from the territory of the Wendic Hansa and they were discovered in urban areas. "ere is no doubt that these were gathered by members of the patriciate. On the other hand, rich hoards with gold artefacts are known from the Rhineland, but also from Erfurt in Thuringia and from Środa Śląska.
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