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EN
The work presents the problem of “dissonant” relations between Polish Romanticism and politics of the independence camp during World War I. Bas­ing on the example of two literary polemics between publicists and members of the independence propaganda machine and those of the passivist group (Henryk Elzenberg and Ludwik Szczepański, Julia Kisielewska and Wiktor Gomulicki), the text discusses the paradoxes of the propaganda discourse of the camp and the strategies used by publicists to handle the attacks of ideologi­cal enemies. In these debates, Romanticism, as well as symbols and attitudes related to it, turn out to be a “dissonant heritage,” which is examined in view of future and new Polish patriotism, and in reference to the reality of contempo­rary politics. These polemics illustrate that Romanticism was still the key word in the national discourse (as a sort of metalanguage), but on the threshold of independence, its meaning gradually became vague.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono problem „kłopotliwych” związków między pol­skim romantyzmem a polityką obozu niepodległościowego w latach I wojny światowej. Na przykładzie dwóch polemik literackich toczonych między pub­licystami i pracownikami aparatu propagandy niepodległościowej a przed­stawicielami obozu pasywistów (Henryk Elzenberg i Ludwik Szczepań­ski, Julia Kisielewska i Wiktor Gomulicki) omówiono paradoksy dyskursu propagandowego tego obozu oraz strategie, za pomocą których publicyści radzili sobie z atakami ideologicznych przeciwników. Romantyzm i powią­zane z nim symbole oraz postawy okazują się w tych dyskusjach „kłopotli­wym dziedzictwem”, które zostaje poddane rewizji w perspektywie przyszło­ści i nowego kształtu polskiego patriotyzmu oraz w odniesieniu do realiów współczesnej polityki. Polemiki te obrazują, że romantyzm jest wciąż w dys­kursie narodowym słowem kluczem (ponieważ jest rodzajem metajęzyka tego dyskursu), jednak u progu niepodległości jego znaczenie staje się coraz bardziej rozmyte.
EN
Nowa Panorama Literatury Polskiej (The New Panorama of Polish Literature, NPLP.PL) is a platform for the presentation of research results in the digital environment. It is a part of the Digital Humanities Centre at the Institute of Literary Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences. It consists of separate collections, each telling a different 'scientific story' and using a different form to present content. The interdisciplinary team of the New Panorama of Polish Literature, includes literary and culture researchers, graphic designers and typographers.
EN
Adam Mickiewicz’s Pan Tadeusz (in English: Sir Thaddeus, or the Last Lithuanian Foray), the national epic poem, was first published in June 1834. It was perceived as a very important book, the last great epic poem in European literature. Pan Tadeusz is undoubtedly a great literary masterpiece. In my opinion, the poem is not a book just like any other book.What could it mean? We might suppose it is a special kind of book − in fact, the Book. Traditionally, this term is associated with sacred books such as Bible, Koran or Talmud. Contemporary secular version (mentioned by Oswald Spengler, Stéphane Mallarmé, Jorge Luis Borges) shows the Book as the world, the whole or the infinity. Therefore, it is worth asking why Mickiewicz lapsed into silence. Is it possible that he wrote the Book and did not want to write books any more?
PL
Studium, czerpiąc z doświadczeń badawczych najwybitniejszych interpretatorów intertekstualności w prozie Conrada, w tym m.in. Yves’a Hervoueta, dąży do ustalenia interpretacyjnego punktu zero w wypadku badania niejasnych, a wręcz podprogowych oddziaływań romantyzmu polskiego na pisarstwo Conrada. Są one tak wieloznaczne i zróżnicowane, że – czerpiąc z tytułu imponującej monografii Hervoueta The French Face of Joseph Conrad – należałoby je określić mianem aspektu, nawet – dominanty „polskiego oblicza pisarza”. By konteksty polskoromantyczne u Conrada doprecyzować oraz uwypuklić, trzeba byłoby przetworzyć klasyczne pojęcie intertekstualności, skrzyżowawszy je z tzw. metodologią hontologiczną, u której podstaw spoczywa Derridiańska teoria widm. Syntetyczne badanie intertekstualno-komparatystyczne tomu Opowieści niepokojące z 1898 roku wskazuje, że (oprócz odwołań do Flauberta czy Merimée) równie istotne pozostają dla ujęcia Conradowskiej intertekstualności konteksty polskoromantycznej szkoły litewskiej (Mickiewicz) i ukraińskiej (Słowacki). W toku analizy – jako dwa konkurencyjne kręgi intertekstualne – powinny być zawsze oddzielane od siebie i wyodrębniane.
EN
The study, drawing from the research experience of the most prominent interpreters of intertextuality in Conrad’s prose, including Yves Hervouet, seeks to establish an interpretative zero point in the case of the study of the vague, or even subliminal influences of Polish Romanticism on Conrad’s writing. They are so ambiguous and varied that – drawing from the impressive monograph of Hervouet The French Face of Joseph Conrad – they should be described as an aspect, or even – the dominant feature of the „Polish Face of the writer”. To clarify and emphasize Polish-romantic contexts in Conrad’s texts, it would be necessary to transform the standard concept of intertextuality, crossing it with the so-called hontological methodology based on Derridian Theory of Spectres. A synthetic intertextual-comparative study of the volume Tales of Unrest from 1898 indicates that (apart from references to Flaubert or Merimée) the independent contexts of the Lithuanian (Mickiewicz) and the Ukrainian (Słowacki) School of Polish Romanticism should remain equally important for Conrad’s intertextuality. Therefore during the analysis – as two competing intertextual circles – they should always be separated and differentiated. Biogram
EN
The article’s goal is an inquiry into the main contexts, in Polish and French Romanticism, for the metaphor of black sun; the metaphor belongs with images and themes clearly marked by the experience of melancholia. There was also a significant impact of astronomical fantasies which, perhaps surprisingly, were very popular in Romanticism. Another important reference point for the present text analysis is the Biblical tradition (related mainly to Old Testament books and The Revelation). However, it must be stressed that the popularity of the metaphor of black sun, both in France and in Poland, was undoubtedly fostered by the popularity of Dürer’s print Melancholia I, and Jean-Paul Richter’s famous Speech of the Dead Christ. In works by selected authors, who represent the two language areas under discussion (including Gautier, Nerval, Słowacki, and Krasiński), it is possible to notice significant differences, which allow for asserting the existence of a different model of dissemination of the image of black sun. Inasmuch as French Romantics mostly approach the image in aesthetic and existential terms, the Polish authors clearly focus on metaphysical and historiographical approaches. It is also important that contrary to Biblical sources, where the image of black sun was often related to God’s wrath or his intervention in earthly order, as in Last Judgement, and contrary to astronomical sources, which eliminated individual perspective and clearly strived for objective approach, the metaphor of black sun in texts by Romantic authors is mostly of anthropological quality; it is an image of the human being confronted by individually experienced transience (in the existential model, closer to French Romantics), or in confrontation with time of a community (historiosophic model, which dominates in texts by Polish Romantics).
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