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XX
It is hard to say something certain about the origin of the earliest form of oath-taking in Prussia on the basis of the few thirteenth century sources. Forms described in the sources might have been imported from the Romance language-speaking countries, possibly through papal legates: William of Modena, Jacob of Liege and Philip of Fermo. In towns founded on the Lübeck law in the Monastic State of the Teutonic Order in Prussia in the 13th century there might have existed customs of oath-taking copied from towns of the Reich (the standing position, the less frequent kneeling position, two fi ngers of the right hand placed on the relics kept in reliquaries). A larger number of preserved sources from the Late Middle Ages (the 14th–15th centuries) may lead to a conclusion that in terms of gestures and forms of oath-taking the Monastic State had adopted practices from the Reich (with some exceptions- a lack of reliquary box) and partly from Poland. It concerns mainly the manner of touching the “sacred” (more frequently the term may have referred to a crucifix rather than to a reliquary) with two fingers (the middle and index fingers) of the right hand. The direction and chronology of spreading such practices still remain unknown. Undoubtedly, the practice of oath-taking by the clergy (with the hand placed on the Gospel Book) and by bishops (with the hands crossed on the chest) was adopted from Western Europe (the Romance speaking countries?). At least from the end of the 15th century in Prussia practices took place which differed signifi cantly from the ones occurring in Poland, the Reich or other West European countries. Such distinct practices included oath-taking expressed by touching the neck with the hand, the right hand being placed on the cross sewn on the monastic coat or fingers being raised towards the sun. Nevertheless, it is too early to define their origin. Hopefully, further intensive research over the problem (with a wider use of iconographic sources) will bring new interesting findings.
EN
The „Common Defense” was a system that was designed to defend the southeastern borders of the Polish-Lithuanian state against Tatar invasions. A key role with regards to the functioning of the system during the 1540s and 1550s was played by the Silesian nobleman Bernard Pretwicz. Comparing the written correspondence of Pretwicz that was addressed to the Prussian Duke, Albert Hohenzollern, with preserved taxation documents from the time sheds further light on this issue. The correspondence in question was not intensive, but this was mainly due to the distances that the letters had to travel. The sources reveal that Pretwicz enjoyed continuous service in the ranks of the „Common Defense” from at least 1533 to 1559, and that the size of the units under his command ranged from between 100 to 200 troops. In addition, it is known that Pretwicz maintained, at his own expense, soldiers that were not included in the official army rota from that time. An interesting aspect is that Pretwicz developed his military activities on an enterprising scale. His main source of income was gained through looting, which allowed him, among other things, to keep additional soldiers from outside the official rota and to pay them a lower salary from the treasury money he received. An important topic discussed in Pretwicz’s correspondence with the Prussian Duke concerned debts that the captain repaid by shipping animals.
DE
Die Allgemeine Verteidigung war ein System zur Verteidigung der südöstlichen Grenzen des polnisch-litauischen Staates gegen Tatareneinfälle. Eine Schlüsselrolle in ihrer Funktionsweise in den 1640er und 1650er Jahren spielte der schlesische Adlige Bernard Pretwicz. Die Aufstellung seiner an den preußischen Herzog Albrecht Hohenzollern gerichteten Korrespondenz und der Schatzkammerunterlagen bringt mehr Licht in diese Frage. Die Korrespondenzaktivität von Pretwicz war nicht besonders hoch. Dies hing vor allem mit den Entfernungen zusammen, die die Briefe zurücklegen mussten. Die Auswertung beider Quellenarten hat ergeben, dass er mindestens von 1533 bis 1559 ununterbrochen in den Reihen der Allgemeinen Verteidigung diente, wobei die Größe der Pretwicz zur Verfügung stehenden Rotte zwischen 100 und 200 Mann variierte. Außerdem ist bekannt, dass er auf eigene Kosten Soldaten unterhielt, die nicht in den Schaulisten aufgeführt waren. Interessant ist, dass Pretwicz seine militärischen Aktivitäten auf einer unternehmerischen Ebene entwickelte. Seine Haupteinnahmequelle war die Plünderung, die es ihm u.a. ermöglichte, zusätzliche Soldaten außerhalb der Dienstpläne zu unterhalten und niedrigere Löhne aus der Staatskasse zu zahlen. Ein wichtiges Thema in der Korrespondenz von Bernard Pretwicz mit dem preußischen Prinzen betraf die Schulden, die der Rittmeister mit dem Transport von Tieren beglichen hat.
PL
Obrona potoczna była systemem obrony południowo-wschodnich granic państwa polsko-litewskiego przed najazdami tatarskimi. Kluczową rolę w jej funkcjonowaniu w latach czterdziestych i pięćdziesiątych XVI w. odgrywał śląski szlachcic Bernard Pretwicz. Zestawienie jego korespondencji pisanej do księcia pruskiego Albrechta Hohenzollerna oraz dokumentacji skarbowej rzuca szersze światło na to zagadnienie. Aktywność korespondencyjna Pretwicza nie była wysoka. Wiązało się to przede wszystkim z odległościami, jakie musiały pokonać listy. Analiza obu typów źródeł wykazała, że w szeregach obrony potocznej służył stale co najmniej od 1533 do 1559 r. Wielkość roty, jaką dysponował Pretwicz wahała się od 100 do 200 ludzi. Dodatkowo wiadomo, że na własny koszt utrzymywał żołnierzy nieujętych w listach popisowych. Interesującym wątkiem jest to, że Pretwicz rozwinął swoją działalność wojskową na skalę przedsiębiorstwa. Głównym źródłem jego dochodu były grabieże, które pozwalały mu między innymi na utrzymywanie dodatkowych żołnierzy poza rotą oraz płacenie niższego żołdu z pieniędzy skarbowych. Ważnym wątkiem poruszanym w korespondencji Bernarda Pretwicza z księciem pruskim były długi, które rotmistrz spłacał wysyłką zwierząt.
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