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Wieki Stare i Nowe
|
2021
|
vol. 16
|
issue 21
61-70
EN
The use of chariots in warfare had a long tradition in the ancient Near East, but not in northern Europe. In many regions, chariots and the horses that pulled them were interred with wealthy leaders in their tombs. Chariots were common in Europe until around 100 BCE, although they continued to be used for much longer in Britain. Their speed and agility caused serious difficulties for the Roman infantry. Chariots were not intended to charge headlong into enemy formations. The warrior was able to fight against horsemen from the chariot’s platform, but would dismount to fight infantry soldiers on foot. In the meantime, the charioteer would move away a short distance from the battle, waiting to collect the warrior and carry him to safety, if necessary. A typical British chariot consisted of a small platform, open in the front and in the back, mounted on a wooden axle and with wheels made strong by iron tires. The charioteers sat at the front of the platform between two sideboards made of wood or wickerwork. However, the double arcade seems to be the most convincing interpretation of the evidence found on coins. In Britain, most horses were the size of the modern Dartmoor ponies and were effective in pulling chariots. The continental Gauls learned to breed larger horses capable of carrying a warrior and his weapon. The war-chariot of the Britons almost certainly did not have scythes. There is no accepted archaeological evidence concerning scythed chariots.
PL
Wykorzystywanie rydwanu w boju miało długą tradycję na starożytnym Bliskim Wschodzie, lecz nie w północnej Europie. Na jej wielu obszarach wozy bojowe i konie zaprzęgowe składano do grobu razem z arystokratycznymi przywódcami. Rydwany służyły w Europie do ok. 100 r. p.n.e., ale w Brytanii wykorzystywano je znacznie dłużej. Ich prędkość i zwrotność generowały Rzymianom poważne problemy. Nie posyłano ich do szarży przeciw liniom wroga. Wojownik walczył z rydwanu przeciw konnicy, lecz zazwyczaj schodził z pudła i walczył pieszo zarówno z jazdą, jak i piechotą. W Brytanii wiele koni wielkością przypominało współczesne pony rasy Dartmoor i nadawało się jedynie do zaprzęgania w rydwanach. Galowie z kontynentu natomiast nauczyli się hodować większe konie, które mogły dźwigać na grzbiecie wojownika w pełnym uzbrojeniu. Rydwany Brytów raczej nie posiadały kos. Nie ma żadnych dowodów archeologicznych na istnienie takich rydwanów w Brytanii.
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