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EN
The first and especially the second decade of the 21st century resulted in the creation of many iconographic schools in Poland. These were schools of various ranges, in different regions and addressed to various groups of people. They developed in a formally regulated manner in secular and ecclesial institutions, but also in private art studios or parishes. Depending on the experience and educational background of the teacher, icon writing can be a science consistent with canon and developed on the basis of the Orthodox religion it can deviate significantly from the models adopted in that culture. There are also innovative tendencies in the iconography represented by theologically aware artists. All of them, however, are united by the fact that there is a dispute over the Polish nomenclature of activities related to making icons. One basic linguistical dilemma among theorists is whether we should use the term „to write an icon”. The word „icon-writer” already exists in the Dictionary of the Polish Language, but „icon-writing” is replaced with „iconography” or „icon painting”. Is the reference to „Russianism” or „Greekism” in this case justification for not introducing the word „icon-writing” into the formal circulation as well? And so what about the use of the word „icon”, which in Greek means „a picture”? Being aware of the complexity of the problem, I would like to outline the lexical dilemmas related to the spreading of the art of creating icons in Poland, recalling the theological dimension of icons in cultural context.
EN
Joannes Molanus, theologian, rector of the University of Louvain, wrote a comprehensive treatise to assist bishops and priests in the detailed application of the general decree on images of the Council of Trent. Molanus rejected those representations that are not based on the Bible but on the Apocrypha. He also broke up with some allegorical or eastern representations. He created the theological foundations for Catholic sacred art, which is present in the churches to this day. The article presents an analysis of the decree of the Council of Trent on images (1), the life and work of Molanus (2), the context of the Reformation times in which Molanus lived, especially in the aspect of iconoclasm (3), then the treatise on images of Molanus (4), important categories theological division, which he attributes to sacred works of art (5), and finally some examples illustrating the thought of Molanus are given (6). In Summary (7), the impact of the Molanus treaty on the sacred art of Catholic Europe will be assessed.
PL
Joannes Molanus, teolog, rektor Uniwersytetu w Louvain napisał obszerny traktat, który miał być pomocą dla biskupów i księży, w szczegółowym zastosowaniu ogólnego dekretu soborowego o obrazach. Molanus odrzucił te sposoby obrazowania, które nie są oparte na Biblii, a na apokryfach. Zerwał także z niektórymi przedstawieniami alegorycznymi czy wschodnimi. Stworzył teologiczne podstawy pod katolicką sztukę sakralną, która jest obecna w kościołach do dziś. Artykuł przedstawia analizę dekretu Soboru Trydenckiego o obrazach (1), życie i twórczość Molanusa (2), kontekst czasów Reformacji, w których żył Molanus, zwłaszcza w aspekcie obrazoburstwa (3), następnie zostaje omówiony traktat o obrazach Molanusa (4), istotne kategorie podziału teologicznego, które przypisuje sakralnym dziełom sztuki (5), a na koniec zostają przytoczone niektóre przykłady ilustrujące myśl Molanusa (6). W Podsumowaniu (7) zostanie dokonana ocena wpływu traktatu Molanusa na sztukę sakralną katolickiej Europy.
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