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Sól to dobra rzecz – dosłowne i metaforyczne użycie rzeczownika sól w Mk 9,49-50

100%
Wojciechowska K.
Gdański Rocznik Ewangelicki
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2014
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vol. 8
206-221
EN
The article presents an analysis of the text of Mk 9,49-50 confronted with the parallel texts from Mt and Lk. The context of the metaphor related to salt in Mk makes it possible to trace the source of the metaphor in the Old Testament descriptions of sacrificial actions. The evangelist primarily emphasizes positive attributes of salt. Just as a small amount of salt can significantly improve the taste of food, so kindness and peace have a positive impact on the relationship in the community of the disciples of Jesus.
2

Poszukiwania soli w Polsce w drugiej połowie XVIII wieku

100%
Danowska E.
Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki
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2014
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vol. 59
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issue 3
105–117
EN
Following the First Partition in 1772, Poland lost the salt mines in Wieliczka, Bochnia and in the territory of Ruthenia to Austria. This was a serious blow to the economy, because since then, it became necessary to import salt, which was primarily taken advantage of by the Royal Prussian Maritime Trading Company (Pruska Kompania Morska) importing it from Austria. King Stanislaw August Poniatowski tried to initiate the exploration and exploitation of salt in the areas where it could be profitable. To this end, he ordered the exploration to Filip Carosi and Stanislaw Okraszewski, among other. The salt-works of the Castellan of Łuków, Jacek Jezierski in the town of Solec, in the Łęczyckie Region, active since 1780, was a private investment. Leopold von Beust's Joint Stock Company obtained salt from a brine near the town of Busko, and The Domestic Persons Company (Kompania z Osób Krajowych) - from a brine in the town of Rączki on Pilica river. In 1782, the King appointed The Ore Commission (Komisja Kruszcowa), consisted of twelve commissioners, in order to conduct the exploration for minerals, including salt, their extraction and further administration. The Crown Treasury Commission (Komisja Skarbu Koronnego), a magistracy dealing with, among others, the economy of the country in a broad sense, was also involved in the exploration and exploitation of salt. At its command, in the summer of 1788, Tadeusz Czacki made a tour of the Kielce region in search of traces of salt. In view of the important events of the Four-Year Sejm (Sejm Czteroletni) and the subsequent loss of independence, the subject of salt exploration had to be abandoned.
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"Salt Over Gold": food as a tool of power and a weapon of war during the siege of Srebrenica (1992-1995)

100%
Slavková M.
Národopisný věstník
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2020
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vol. 37_(79)
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issue 2
71-86
EN
Food security has been one of the most pressing issues since time immemorial. Food production and provisioning have always been demanding task, especially in times of war. An armed conflict often leads to disruption of the prevailing social order and it transforms social and economic patterns of everyday life. Moreover, wars also generally result in shortages of food, water and medical supplies, which further generates undernourishment as well as chronic hunger and famine. This article discusses the role of food in armed conflicts with an increased focus on situations when starvation is intentionally imposed on targeted populations. As Collinson and Macbeth (2014) emphasise, such intentional restriction of food by either of the sides of a conflict is a "weapon of war". These complex processes are going to be illustrated primarily on the example of the 1990s war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Nevertheless, selected events and circumstances are going to be additionally compared with historical use and social significance of salt with an emphasis on warfare. The main research focus is aimed at the former UN "Safe" Area Srebrenica and theoverall scarcity of salt in the besieged enclave during the 1990s war. Not only that during the Bosnian War, salt was purchased for precious metal items but also for those on the verge of life and death, the small amount of salt sometimes became worth more than gold.
4
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New Neolithic and Early Bronze Age finds from theBieszczady Mountains (Wetlina River Valley and its surroundings)

86%
Pelisiak A., Maj Z.
Acta Archaeologica Carpathica
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2013
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vol. XLVIII
265-272
XX
The finds of chipped artefacts from Wetlina-Stare Sioło, Orłowicz Pass, Moczarne, and Czerteż Pass are the first archaeological confirmation of human activity in the Bieszczady mountains in the late neolithic. These finds correspond with older anthropological changes of vegetation recorded in pollen diagrams from smerek and Tarnawa wyżna which began ca. 2800 bc. They refer to the seasonal animal grazing in the high altitude landscapes. The use of high mountain pastures was connected with salt springs frequent in this area.
5
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Rola rodziny Stroganowów w rozwoju przemysłu solnego w Rosji w XVI-XVIII wieku

72%
Krokosz P.
Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce
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2012
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vol. 28
205-265
XX
The article discusses the contribution of the Stroganov family to the development of the salt industry in Russia between the 16th and the 18th century. Individual members of the family, thanks to their entrepreneurship and resourcefulness managed, in the course of years, to create profitable salt manufacturing companies providing the Russian market with huge quantities of salt every year. In the middle of the 16th century, Anika Stroganov received the right from Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible to settle the empty lands over the Kama River along with a permit for exploitation of local salt springs. Soon, the members of the Stroganov family residing in the eastern areas launched a large number of saltworks, thereby contributing to quicker colonization of such lands by Russia. In the 1580’s, they supported the Cossack ataman, Yermak Timofeyevich, setting off to conquer Siberia. Until the first decades of the 17th century, huge areas of land owned by the Stroganov family functioned as a buffer securing the Moscow State from the attacks of Siberian Tatars. Moreover, the Stroganov family, having their own military units at their disposal, received the right to penetrate the lands east of the Urals. Profits drawn from salt produced in the basin of the Kama River attracted subsequent entrepreneurs to these areas, with whom the Stroganov family had to compete, sometimes even losing their own land along with the salt springs and saltworks located there. In the second half of the 17th century, Grigory Dimitrovich Stroganov, thanks to a skillful policy and not avoiding the use of persuasion, money and force, managed to take away property and saltworks from his relatives, thereby becoming the leading producer of salt in Russia. At the beginning of the 18th century, his saltworks provided approx. 3 million poods (1 pood = 16.38 kg) of salt to the internal market, which constituted 60% of the total domestic production of salt. Along with Grigory Dimitrovich’s death in 1715, his property was divided among his sons, who were not able to sustain the salt production on the former level. In the course of time, the salt making activity of the Stroganov family has disappeared and the saltworks were taken over by third parties. When discussing the contribution of the Stroganov family to development of the salt making industry in Russia over the period of three centuries, it is impossible to overlook the salt-making activity of the Spasso-Preobrazhensky Monastery established by the family members in the 2nd half of the 16th century, known as Pyskorsky from the name of the nearby river – the Pyskorka. It is worth noticing that Russian monasteries, including Solovetsky, Troitsko-Sergeyevsky, Kyryllo-Byalozhersky, were also involved in the production of salt on a large scale at that time. The small Pyskorsky monastery, located in the Stroganov properties over the Kama River, was not able to compete with enterprises of its founders, but it was an important production centre, providing the local market with the indispensable salt.
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Kazimierski–Podgórski skład solny (XVI – XIX w.)

72%
Międzobrodzka M.
Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce
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2016
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vol. 31
9-59
EN
The Kazimierz salt storage operated from the 16th century on the area of the city of Kazimierz, on the right bank of Zakazimierka River, which initially was a peripheral and later the main river bed of the Vistula River. It was the storage of salt intended for rafting down the Vistula to the Masovian salt storages. Simultaneously, the facility operates as a shipping harbour organising salt rafting three times a year, serviced by rafters supplying proper vessels for salt rafting, including barges, komiega rafts, galara, byk and lichtun. The development of the Kazimierz salt storage consisted of a house (a dwelling and a place where saltworks officials resided during salt loading), known as the manor house with adjoining farm buildings, including stables and storage sheds, distinguished by their vast sizes, assigned for salt loaves (salt clumps with columnar shapes and specific dimensions) and barrel salt (salt loaded into barrels in the mine and transported in this manner) usually built in parallel to the river bed, right by the water, next to the waterfront reinforced by fascine and wood. Descriptions of the development prepared by royal commissioners are included in the text of saltworks commissions from the period between 1581 and 1762. Destruction of the Kazimierz salt storage during the siege of Cracow by the Swedes and the repeated flooding of the Vistula in the 1670s resulted in closing of the facility. Its role between 1690 and 1717 was taken over by the salt storage and shipping harbour in Mogiła. The Kazimierz salt storage was officially reopened in 1718. Construction investments were conducted between 1725 and 1751, and a manor house, a storage shed, a stable and an additional shed for lime (rafted down the Vistula to Warsaw for the needs of the royal court) were subsequently built. Between 1730 and 1762, a modern harbour was constructed with stanchions and an outer water gauge. The Austrian administration which took over the management of the Kazimierz storage after the first partition of Poland in 1772, changed its official name into Podgorzer Salzniederlage in 1787; legal changes pertaining to the principles of salt trading made it subject to the Directorate of Salt Affairs in Lviv. The organisation of salt rafting was the obligation of the Imperial and Royal Podgórze Rafting Office (C.K. Podgórski Urząd Defluitacyjny), whose tasks were monitored, until 1795 (after further areas of the Republic of Poland were incorporated in the Austrian monarchy), by the Imperial and Royal Directorate for Salt Affairs in Podgórze (C.K. Dyrekcja do Spraw Solnych in Podgórze) (in 1805 transferred to Wieliczka). Between 1809 and 1815, the Podgórze storage, together with the entire district, was subject to the administration of the Duchy of Warsaw. Construction investments from the Austrian times include a second storage building made of brick (after 1804), renovation of administrative buildings, the waterfront, regulation of the Vistula River, as well as erection of a  new shed with two residential annexes and a large stable building with a storey. The last investment took place after 1810 and before 1820. The status of development is confirmed by the maps of 1779 – 1847. In 1847, the newly erected stable building was taken-over by the Austrian army for the cavalry needs. The salt storage was handling the sale of salt for the Prussian government and the Russian authorities of the Kingdom of Poland. The final expiry of such contracts (in 1858 and 1872), along with development of rail transport resulted in closing of the governmental salt storage in Podgórze. Since 1873, the storage buildings, handed over to the Poviat Treasury Directorate (Powiatowa Dyrekcja Skarbu) in Cracow, were used by commercial companies, army and treasury guards. They were disassembled during construction of the third bridge across the Vistula and Vistula boulevards (approx. 1912). Only the stable building has been preserved from the entire Podgórze salt storage and continued to be used by the army until 1939.
7
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Plac Solny we Wrocławiu

58%
Mróz U.
Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce
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2017
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vol. 32
118-181
EN
Summing up the discussions presented in the article, it has to be stated that the preserved source materials and accounts contained in the studies unfortunately have not allowed for clarifying the questions and doubts which were presented at the beginning of work on this subject matter. This article is exclusively an attempt at shedding some light on them and in no case exhausts any of the abovementioned issues. However, in a certain range it allows for verifying the view about the relatively small number of accounts, which have been published in the context of organisation of salt trade in the area of Wrocław and the Salt Market Square. It is particularly characteristic that during the analysis of individual works of authors dealing with the above-mentioned issues, it is possible to notice certain repetitiveness of verified information, based probably on one (preserved) source. Only few contain unknown and unquoted pieces of information, which are to be sought in vain in the majority of studies or articles. It goes without doubts that examination of issues mentioned in the article would be possible exclusively thanks to long-lasting queries conducted in the Wrocław archives. The question pertaining to the quantity of Wieliczka salt reaching the Wrocław market and organisation of daily work at the Salt Market Square, in particular in the modern times, remains valid. International policy, inseparably linked to trade, had to regulate the quantity and the quality of salt which arrived at one of the most important municipal markets from foreign suppliers of the mineral. In the future studies, it is worth taking into account the thread pertaining to goods imported from Silesia to Kraków or Wieliczka as part of exchange of commodities conducted for long centuries between the neighbouring states. This could become interesting elaboration of the issue tackled by several historians and significantly enrich the literature created to date. Restoration of former names and modern revitalisation of certain facilities of municipal infrastructure along with names which are still functioning, such as the Salt Market Square or the Salt Alley, in spite of various difficulties, encourage one to undertake an attempt at answering the questions which appear after reading papers devoted to the economic history of Silesia and its capital. One of the most important ones is: is restoration of the original name of the Salt Market Square only a return to the traditional nomenclature or is it also associated by the contemporary city dwellers with the interesting history of sale of one of the most important seasonings and preservatives that salt was in the past.
8
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Wybrane wyrobiska górnicze kopalni wielickiej w rejonie kopuły grot kryształowych

58%
Charkot J.
Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce
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2020
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vol. 34
8-80
EN
The Crystal Caves Dome is a non-typical fragment of the north-eastern area of the Wieliczka salt deposit, formed by tectonic movements of the Carpathian Mountains. It was developed as a result of different shaping of the northern slice of the bedded deposit, similar to an architectural dome. Mining works in this area were conducted for two centuries, that is, from 1730s until the pre-war period, leading – as a side effect – to discovery of the Crystal Caves in the late 19th century. Systematic works have led to development of a valuable complex of mining excavations. Their features are in many ways representative of the entire historic mine. These include, in particular, the deposit exploration methods, as well as mining techniques and solutions applied to secure the chambers and galleries. The extensive chambers with very well-preserved mining traces and the surviving historic maintenance equipment make tours of the area a unique sightseeing experience. Another interesting aspect is the origin of names given to the excavations. Usually, they are named after specific people. Some of them refer to persons known from political and economic life of the 18th and 19th century; most often, however, to the renowned administrators of the mine. In the 20th century, mining and maintenance works were focused mainly on the Crystal Caves. In this period, design, mining and maintenance works were carried out in only a few excavations. Their consistent continuation has been planned. Complex securing of this part of the mine will allow for creation of appropriate conditions for its use for tourism, education and research purposes.
PL
Kopuła Grot Kryształowych to nietypowy fragment północno-wschodniego rejonu złoża soli Wieliczki, który uformowały ruchy tektoniczne Karpat. Powstała ona w wyniku odmiennego ukształtowania północnej łuski złoża pokładowego, podobnego do architektonicznej kopuły. Prace górnicze w jej obrębie prowadzone były przez dwa stulecia, tj. od lat 30. XVIII w. do okresu międzywojennego, a ubocznym ich efektem było odkrycie pod koniec XIX w. Grot Kryształowych. Systematycznie prowadzone roboty doprowadziły do powstania cennego zespołu wyrobisk górniczych. Nagromadzone w nich walory są pod wieloma względami reprezentatywne dla całej zabytkowej kopalni. Dotyczą one w szczególności sposobu rozpoznania złoża, metod prowadzonej eksploatacji i rozwiązań w zakresie zabezpieczania komór i chodników. Rozległe komory z bardzo dobrze zachowanymi śladami eksploatacji, przetrwałymi historycznymi zabezpieczeniami stanowią o ich wyjątkowych walorach widokowych. Interesujące jest pochodzenie nazw wyrobisk. Z reguły mają one etymologię odimienną. Honorują osoby znane z życia politycznego i gospodarczego w XVIII i XIX w., częściej jednak zasłużone postacie z administracji kopalni. W XX w. prace badawcze i zabezpieczające koncentrowały się głównie na Grotach Kryształowych. W tym stuleciu prace projektowe i górniczo-konserwatorskie zrealizowano już w nielicznych wyrobiskach. Planowana jest konsekwentna ich kontynuacja. Kompleksowe zabezpieczenie tego rejonu kopalni stworzy warunki do jego turystycznego, dydaktycznego i badawczego zagospodarowania.
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Zasługi Johanna Gottfrieda Borlacha dla rozwoju górnictwa i warzelnictwa solnego na terenie Saksonii i Małopolski

58%
Mróz U.
Studia i Materiały do Dziejów Żup Solnych w Polsce
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2015
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issue 30
33-68
XX
Johann Gottfried Borlach (born in 1687 in Dresden and deceased in 1768 in Kösen) is an outstanding person in various aspects and one of the most important people who operated in the area of the Cracow Saltworks in the modern era. Undeniably, Borlach contributed to raising the largest saltworks in the contemporary Republic of Poland from ruin. Borlach, initially hired as a surveyor, later held the prestigious function of the administrator of Cracow Saltworks. He introduced numerous innovations which greatly improved the functioning of the mine and, in particular, safety in the mine. The largest and the most significant projects of the Saxon engineer include work focusing on securing post-mining voids, introduction – on a large scale – of a comprehensive plan of dewatering the underground pits, improvement of transport of the extracted salt and ventilation of underground pits. It is also necessary to emphasise his contribution in the area of measurements; the best example in this respect is a set of maps of the Wieliczka mine and the city of Wieliczka. Another area of his activity was issuance of legal regulations for the functioning of the enterprise, including relations among individual employees. The second important part of the article is analysis of his accomplishments in the area of Saxony, i.e. his home country. This aspect is quite significant due to the fact that Polishlanguage publications stored in the Library and in the Archives of the Cracow Saltworks Museum Wieliczka do not devote too much attention to foreign activities of Borlach, focusing most often on listing three most important Saxon saltworks, without taking into account the important changes that he introduced in them, as well as mutual Polish and Saxon influences in this respect. To date, little has been written about the private life of the Saxon engineer, members of his closest family, early years, stages of education, ties with scientific circles, private interests and accomplishments before the period when he was appointed to the position of a surveyor in the Cracow Saltworks. This work takes into account all information in a degree permitted by the preserved and available historical records.
10
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Miejsce i rola ludzi świeckich w tekstach biblijnych

58%
Nowak M. E.
Sympozjum
|
2023
|
vol. 2(45)
13-26
PL
Realizacja wezwania Chrystusa do bycia solą i światłem świata zakłada w osobie świeckiej istnienie odpowiedniego gruntu. Na jego kształtowanie ma wpływ dojrzałe przyjęcie własnej tożsamości, oparcie w wierze, słuchanie, które przez kenozę przeradza się w posłuszeństwo oraz świętość. Aby wypełnienie owej roli było możliwe, osoba świecka winna na wzór św. Piotra zająć miejsce przede wszystkim za Chrystusem. Trwanie za Nim umożliwia osobie świeckiej bycie solą i światłem wszędzie tam, gdzie zostanie posłana.
EN
Fulfilling Christ’s call to be “salt and light of the world” assumes the existence of appropriate ground in a lay person. Its formation is influenced by the mature acceptance of one’s own identity, support in faith, listening, which through kenosis turns into obedience and holiness. To fulfill this role, a lay person must following the example of St. Peter to take his place first of all after Christ. Following Christ enables a lay person to be salt and light wherever he is sent. The precursor of this attitude is Mary – our Mother.
11

Sól ziemi i światło świata. Perykopa o zadaniach uczniów Jezusa (Mt 5, 13-16) w przepowiadaniu homilijnym do młodzieży

58%
Krasowski A.
Roczniki Teologiczne
|
2014
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vol. 61
|
issue 12: Homiletyka
149+168
EN
Homilies addressed to young people are difficult but really vital. Word of God has to illuminate this particular stage of human life. Meeting Christ does not only broaden the life horizon but, above all, it does give hope. The article concerns preaching to young people on the basis of excerpts of Sermon of Mount on salt and light. The positive side of homilies is strong priests’ desire to encourage young listeners to become the salt and the light of life. However the focus on man’s attitude makes Jesus Christ be the great absent one in this preaching. In fact it is Him who is truly the Salt of the earth and the Light of the world. Young people are demanding listeners. To burn the fire in their hearts one has to make the homily the light and the fire. The Words, full of Jesus and His Love to a man, are always the Good News. They give the guarantee that the fire in young hearts will burn like a candle which sets fire of love in other people’s hearts.
PL
Homilie do młodzieży są trudne, ale bardzo ważne. Słowo Boże ma oświetlić ten szczególny etap ludzkiego życia. To spotkanie z Chrystusem nie tylko poszerza horyzont życia, lecz przede wszystkim daje nadzieję. Artykuł dotyczy przepowiadania do młodzieży na podstawie fragmentu Kazania na Górze o soli i świetle. Pozytywne w homiliach jest to, że kaznodzieje bardzo mocno chcą zachęcić młodych słuchaczy do tego, by ich życie było solą i światłem. Ten akcent na postawę człowieka sprawia jednak to, że wielkim nieobecnym w przepowiadaniu do młodzieży staje się Jezus Chrystus. A przecież to On i tylko On jest prawdziwą Solą ziemi i Światłem świata. Młodzi ludzie to słuchacze bardzo wymagający. By rozpalić w ich sercach ogień, trzeba homilię uczynić światłem i ogniem. Słowa pełne Chrystusa i Jego miłości do człowieka zawsze są Dobrą Nowiną. Gwarantują, że ten ogień w sercach młodych zapłonie jak świeca od której mogą zapłonąć ogniem miłości inne świece ludzkich serc.
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