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Path of Science
|
2015
|
vol. 1
|
issue 1
2.21-2.27
RU
В статьи представлены результаты адаптации теории выборочного наблюдения для целей маркетинга, что позволяет ответить на фундаментальный вопрос любого маркетингового исследования – сколько объектов необходимо изучить для возможности формулирования адекватного заключения.
XX
The article presents the results of the theory of adaptation of sample survey for the purposes of marketing, that allows to answer the fundamental question of any marketing research – how many objects should be studied for drawing adequate conclusions.
EN
The paper deals with two important questions in linguistic research: 1) What do we actually model when we model language usage? and 2) What is an appropriate sample or ‘text unit’ for the analysis of language usage? In the beginning, we critically discuss several approaches to the analysis of language behaviour. Then, we introduce the most important characteristics of both Zipf’s linguistic theory and synergetic linguistics. We focus in particular on the aspects of these theories which are connected to the above-mentioned questions. Specifically, we emphasize that one of the fundamental features of these theories is the assumption that there are linguistic laws which govern human language behaviour and which can be best detected by observing the language behaviour of an individual (in a particular context). As a consequence, if the goal of the research is to examine laws of this kind, the individual text is used as a basic unit for the analysis. The mixing of texts can, in some cases, lead to the “concealing” of the laws, as is presented in an example. We also offer another example which shows how characteristics of the same law (in this case, the Menzerath-Altmann law) differ in different texts. Finally, we emphasize that using individual texts in linguistic research is but one possible approach to analysis, i.e. we do not attempt to make it a linguistic research dogma.
PL
Streszczenie Artykuł stanowi krytykę obecnej mody na prowadzenie badań eksploracyjnych na małych próbach celowych jedynie w celach opisowych. Twierdzę, że zaniechanie analiz komparatystycznych i pracy analitycznej nad socjologicznymi opisami (nawet bardzo dobrymi) znacząco zmniejsza ich użyteczność naukową. Praktyka taka pozostaje również w sprzeczności z własnymi źródłami teoretycznymi, wśród których najczęściej przywoływane, to interakcjonizm symboliczny, teoria ugruntowana i fenomenologia społeczna. Poprawne i zgodne z wytycznymi badania jakościowe na małych próbach celowych swoje bezdyskusyjne walory naukowe zawdzięczają integralnemu związkowi między wglądem empirycznym i refleksją teoretyczną oraz – co jest warunkiem powyższego – poszerzeniu pola badawczego o serie przypadków analogicznych (zgodnie z kryteriami wywiedzionymi z materiału empirycznego). Efektem badań jakościowych ma bowiem – zgodnie z tradycją interpretatywną – być rozwój teorii socjologicznej, a nie mnożenie izolowanych opisów.
EN
The paper criticizes current style of conducting explorative research on small, intentionally collected samples with descriptive aims mainly. I say, their cognitive, scientific value becomes significantly limited when comparative analysis and analytical work on descriptions (even pretty good) is neglected. Such a practice is also in conflict with its own theoretical tradition, including symbolic interactionism, grounded theory and social phenomenology that are most frequently cited. Proper and conducted in accordance with the guidelines, qualitative research on small, intentionally collected samples owe their indisputable advantages to the integral connection between empirical insight and theoretical reflection and – what is a condition of the former – to broadening their research field including analogous cases (according to criteria found in empirical material). The final effect of qualitative research is to be – according to the interpretative tradition – development of the theory, not proliferation of isolated descriptions.
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