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EN
This paper employs PCSE, OLS and TSLS with random effects to investigate the impact of the political instabilityincome interaction on savings in ECOWAS countries during the period 1996-2012. The empirical evidence illustrates that higher political stability is associated with higher savings and income levels moderate the adverse effect of political instability on savings, indicating that the impact of political instability on savings is higher in low income ECOWAS countries, but lesser at higher levels of income. The paper recommends the promotion of political stability via increases in incomes to raise savings in the ECOWAS region.
EN
The article discusses the specific character of financial needs, their placement in a hierarchy, and the evaluating of the characteristics of financial products. It presents research, conducted among groups of students, which links financial needs with the perception of the value of the products. The results indicate that a limited number of factors influence the perception of such value. These factors play a key role in satisfying (financial) security needs, setting the price of service and the variety of choice, which guarantees a better fit to clients’ individual needs.
EN
The problem presented in the research paper is the issue of retirement savings efficiency in the Third Pillar of social insurance in Poland. The object of accomplished analysis, which constitutes grounds for inference was “the number of accounts in the Third Pillar and the value of accumulated funds”, which allowed defining “interest and attractiveness of the use of financial products offered by the Third Pillar” and “profitability of saving in the Third Pillar”. The results of the research, which determine present interest in saving in the Third Pillar confirm that additional forms of pension security have not reached the desired by the government level of development. Market growth will not occur unless there are financial incentives. Common concerns rouse the role of the state in the Third Pillar, and especially the possibility of taking over accumulated savings by government, as was done with savings accumulated in the Second Pillar (OFE). In this situation, choosing a product of the Third Pillar is aless meaningful issue. It is more important to regularly save money in order to be able to gain from the so called ‘compound interest’, also choosing the right investment strategy and attitude towards risk.
EN
The article identified determinants of the corporate investment diversification in Poland, ie. in investment property or intangible assets and their dependence on corporate savings. The analysis was conducted on unbalanced panel data of individual companies employing at least 10 workers contained in the annual reports of Central Statistical Office (F-02) from the years 1995-2012. The parameters used to estimate the system GMM [Generalised Methods of Moments]. Also included is a robust variance-covariance matrix. The obtained results allow to conclude that the increase in liquid reserves (savings) increases the investment diversification spending (in real estate and intangible assets). A positive correlation was obtained in diversified investments of the real effective exchange rate based on CPI and growth opportunities. This may be due to the anti-inflationary role of investment in real estate, as well as the improvement of the situation of exporters of services (investing in intangible assets), granting licenses to foreign companies on their own technology or software due to the appreciation of the exchange rate.
EN
This paper identified and examined saving behaviour and determinants of saving mobiliza-tion by the rural co-operators in Southern Tigrai Ethiopia. The input for the study was ob-tained from randomly selected 120 rural household savers from six purposively selected ru-ral savings and credit cooperatives. The result of the study using least squares method showed that savings mobilized is determined by household annual income, amount of loan borrowed and year of member stay in the cooperative. These factors therefore have to be considered in designing strategies aimed at improving the saving mobilization of coopera-tive members in the study area. Besides, economically feasible cooperative societies in the region should be encouraged among the rural households by supporting them with revolv-ing funds as they are more effective and efficient in mobilizing rural savings and provide collateral plus guarantor-based loans with low default rate. This will enable them to boost up their production output and increase their savings thereby stimulating the rural economy.
EN
The article examines the determinants of corporate investments in fixed capital. The analysis was conducted based on unbalanced panel data of individual companies, employing at least 10 workers, contained in the annual reports of GUS F-02 for the years 1995- -2012. The systemic Generalized Method of Moments (robust) was used for the estimations. An empirical analysis of the determinants of corporate investments (in fixed capital) shows a strong investment – cash flow sensitivity, and consequently their less dependence on conditions prevailing in the credit market. The results of research suggests that it exerts influence on the operation of the credit channel of monetary policy transmission mechanism.
EN
The article discusses the level of consumer awareness in the context of growing indebtedness of Polish households. Some claim that low consumer awareness of Poles is one of the reasons for excessive indebtedness. The first part focuses on the definition of consumer awareness, its, importance for consumer choice, and – based on authors’ own research – its level in Polish society. The second part describes the incomes of Polish households from 2008 to 2010. It also shows consumers’ subjective assessment of their financial position and characterises consumer durables used in their households. The third part presents the tendency of Poles to incur debt and their punctuality of repayment. The sources of financing of consumption needs are described along with a scale of excessive indebtedness of Poles. The fourth part of the article focuses on consumer bankruptcy as a solution for the over-indebted consumers and describes current regulations on consumer bankruptcy in Polish law. The scale of their practical application is discussed in reference to Poles’ opinion on consumer bankruptcy, again based on authors’ own research. This part indicates consumer education as an effective instrument against excessive indebtedness.
EN
An attempt to make analysis is a purpose of the present article, to what extent public institutions are processing liabilities of the state in the scope foam for citizens of which will let them for designing the private sphere one’s security of living in the consumption according to contemporary security standards individual with reference to the above chosen institutions were analyzed, of which exercising the institutional control of the public sphere on behalf of you is a main task, in the destination of the protection of the interests of the men in the street in the trade and services. Also fi ndings were analyzed social problems bringing up tied with ordering by individual persons held fi nancial means, at applying such forms as collecting the frugality and contracting debts. Included examinations were conducted on the representative test on adult inhabitants of Poland and representatives of the chosen occupational group. Eff ected concluding made rich allowed to describe the critical analysis of the literature on the subject parameters of the contemporary individual security.
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest próba dokonania analizy, na ile instytucje publiczne realizują zobowiązania państwa w zakresie zapewnienia obywatelom bezpieczeństwa, które pozwoli im na projektowanie prywatnej sfery swojego życia w zakresie konsumpcji według współczesnych standardów bezpieczeństwa indywidualnego W związku z powyższym poddano analizie wybrane instytucje, których głównym zadaniem jest sprawowanie w imieniu państwa instytucjonalnej kontroli przestrzeni publicznej, w celu ochrony interesów przeciętnych obywateli w zakresie handlu i usług. Analizie poddano także wyniki badań społecznych, poruszających problemy związane z zarządzaniem przez indywidualne osoby posiadanymi środkami fi nansowymi, z zastosowaniem takich form, jak gromadzenie oszczędności i zaciąganie zadłużeń. Uwzględnione badania przeprowadzono na reprezentatywnej próbie dorosłych mieszkańców Polski oraz przedstawicieli wybranej grupy zawodowej. Wnioski z badań, wzbogacone krytyczną analizę literatury przedmiotu, pozwoliły określić parametry współczesnego bezpieczeństwa indywidualnego.
EN
The article attempts to diagnose the behavior of young people on the financial market in terms of saving and investing money. The research was based on CAWI method, on the example of a random research sample of 261 pupils aged 17-18, participating in the 2nd grade of general secondary schools and technical secondary schools in selected poviats of the Lubelskie Voivodeship. Research results showed that the average amount of savings currently held by the respondents is PLN 5,829. Most often savings are accumulated at home (54% of respondents), almost 1/3 of respondents also have a savings account. More than 70% of the respondents set a goal for themselves when they save money, the most common is the purchase of a product or hobby-related expenses. Young people invest funds much less frequently, although there is a noticeable group of respondents who make their debuts in investing at an early age. The analysis does not provide statistically significant differences in terms of gender, place of residence, family type or school type in the respondents' answers about saving and investing money.
EN
The tradition of ‘sitting the month’ derived from China is still a practiced custom to have a postpartum month after childbirth. Traditional rules applicable in a postpartum period were to help women rejuvenate their bodies after childbirth, to restore the balance of the body and ensure its future health. Today’s intensive economic development of China along with the increase in Chinese people’s savings contributes to creating a special and sophisticated offer for affluent social groups. An example of such an offer are postnatal clinics designed for wealthy Chinese women who want to have their postnatal period in accordance with traditional practices. The objective of this article is to show the business aspects of Chinese contemporary postnatal clinics and attempt to answer the question on how modern postnatal clinics combine tradition with modernity to make life easier for mothers, and to what extent they are another idea for doing business. The article addresses the major factors of the demographic and economic environment, which may have an impact on the prosperity of society and on the development of the market of postnatal clinics in the region. It also presents the essence of traditional postpartum practices in China. Offers of services to mothers and their children from fortysix clinics from Taipei in Taiwan were also analysed. It turns out that postnatal clinics are a phenomenon that could occur only within the Asian community. It is a product, which is very well inscribed in the Asian mentality and cannot be transferred to any another, such as, for instance, to the European mentality. Its future is limited to the Asian markets, or, possibly, to countries which have a Chinese diaspora on their territory. Over time, along with the spread of this traditional practice with a modern twist, the number of postnatal clinics can grow, which can translate into lower prices, a worse quality and a narrower range of services offered.
12
61%
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki klasyfikacji typów strategii oszczędnościowych gospodarstw domowych. Klasyfikację przeprowadzono z wykorzystaniem metody analizy skupień na podstawie portfolio oszczędnościowego gospodarstw domowych. Wyodrębniono sześć typów strategii: niskiego ryzyka, konserwatywną, wybitnie bierną, wybitnie konserwatywną, dywersyfikacji, agresywną.
EN
The article presents the results of households’ saving strategies types classification. A cluster analysis method, based on households’ saving portfolio, was used for classification. Six types of strategies were distinguished: low risk, conservative, very passive, very conservative, diversification and aggressive.
EN
The article deals with the problems related to the potential of Polish households for individual savings in terms of income which is viewed as a factor predominantly determining the amount of savings and the course of savings processes, including retirement savings. Within the context of households’ savings characteristics, the following aspects have been taken into consideration: propensity to save, level of accumulated savings, forms of savings, attitudes towards and motives for long-term saving, and based on such aspects it is possible to appropriately describe the potential for saving for retirement. While emphasizing the income element, other factors (such as: the demographic factor, confidence in financial institutions, expectations regarding the near future or appropriate policy of the state) which affect the status and the near prospect for development of retirement savings in Poland, particularly Individual Retirement Accounts and Individual Retirement Savings Accounts, have also been pointed out.
EN
Purpose of the article The aim of the paper is to analyze the global economic imbalances and factors that contributed to their deterioration in developed and emerging countries, primarily in the United States and China. The article assesses the main inevitable factors of the global economic imbalances that have driven the recent evolution of current account balances. In addition, the paper describes the theoretical framework of global imbalances and the relevant fundamental theories for better understanding in theoretical aspect of international economics and finance. Furthermore, provides overview of the fundamental causes and drivers of global imbalances, namely current account. Methodology/methods In relation to the subject and purpose of this paper have been used the logical methods of examination which mainly include analysis, correlation and regression analysis, abstraction, synthesis, induction and deduction, the methods of descriptive and mathematical statistics, comparative and empirical methods and the selected forecasting methods (causal prognosis methods). Scientific aim The global imbalances are considered as the most disputable and well known of the global current economic problem, which possibly explain the causes of the global financial crisis. The global financial imbalances were quite massive even before the outbreak of the global financial crisis in 2008. Therefore, the main scientific goal of this paper to analyse what is behind the current account imbalances in both countries, e.i. the USA and China. Findings The persistent current account imbalances reflected the imbalances in the world investment and savings ratios. Whereas the U.S. national savings rate kept falling, the Chinese savings rate rose. Current account imbalances will keep on growing due to a problem of insufficient global saving. Conclusions (limits, implications etc)The size of global imbalances has become narrow compared to the prior crisis’s level, but it did not vanish due to the implementation of global rebalancing process. Putting the current account imbalance to cooperation of all participating countries is strongly necessary. The policy response will need to involve many more countries, even G20 process, and coordinating this response will require considerable efforts of every party members.
EN
According to forecasts retiring will be connected with necessity to drastically cut expenses (the replacement rate from the fi rst and the second pension pillar will be about 40% of the last remuneration) and simultaneously to lower the current life level. In order to avoid such a situation or to minimize the consequences of these negative changes it seems inevitable to collect savings by means of available instruments of the third pension pillar. Saving capital by means of these products is voluntary and an potential participant can make his own decision to join the pillar and to choose the way to allocate means. This elaboration aims to present the infl uence of investment strategy choice on effectiveness of means accumulated by an individual participant within the third pension pillar.
16
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OSZCZĘDNOŚCI GOSPODARSTW DOMOWYCH W POLSCE

51%
PL
W artykule podjęto problematykę oszczędności sektora gospodarstw domowych w Polsce. Z przeprowadzonej analizy wynika, że – mimo znaczącego wzrostu wartości aktywów finansowych – zdolność akumulacji kapitału wewnętrznego w Polsce, postrzegana w kontekście oszczędności generowanych przez sektor gospodarstw domowych, jest generalnie niska. Wykazuje ona negatywną tendencję wyznaczoną przez malejącą relację oszczędności gospodarstw domowych do PKB, regresję w stopie oszczędzania mierzonej wartością oszczędności do wartości dochodów dyspozycyjnych gospodarstw domowych, a także przez odsetek Polaków deklarujących posiadanie jakichkolwiek oszczędności. Ponadto, mimo znaczącego wzrostu skumulowanych oszczędności, radykalnych zmian nie zaobserwowano w portfolio aktywów finansowych gospodarstw domowych, w którym nadal wyraźnie dominują najmniej ryzykowne aktywa w postaci lokat bankowych i gotówki. Uzasadnia to postrzeganie zmian w portfolio finansowym gospodarstw domowych w Polsce przede wszystkim w kontekście procesów o charakterze ewolucyjnym, przybliżającym w tym aspekcie sektor gospodarstw domowych w Polsce do sektora gospodarstw domowych rozwiniętych krajów UE.
EN
The article presents the issue of Polish households’ savings. The analysis show that the level of households’ savings, measured as a relation to GDP, as a relation to household’s disposable income and as a percentage of households declaring to have savings, is generally low and it draws negative trend. Moreover, in the households’ saving portfolio safe assets dominates such as bank deposits and cash while more risky assets are not popular among Polish households.
EN
The article aims to identify the determinants of short- and long-term corporate financial investment in Poland, with a particular emphasis on the saving and interest rates. We conducted the analysis based on unbalanced panel data for companies with at least 10 employees from the Polish Central Statistical Office’s GUS F-02 annual reports for 1995–2012. We used the system GMM estimator (Generalized Method of Moments; Arellano, Bover 1995; Blundell, Bond 1998) to estimate the parameters, and we applied a robust variance-covariance matrix. The research findings show a significant negative correlation between financial investments and cash flow, which means that liquidity problems in the core business induce companies to increase long-term financial investments (securities) as a precautionary motive. By contrast, the accumulation of surplus cash from operating activities in the form of savings increases long-term financial investments. The research also points to a positive impact of the real interbank overnight interest rate. This means that higher interest rates increase the opportunity cost of investments in fixed capital and may encourage companies to spend their savings on buying financial assets (interest rate channel of monetary policy) instead of investing in fixed capital or research and development (R&D).
PL
W artykule zidentyfikowano determinanty wielkości inwestycji finansowych przedsiębiorstw w Polsce i ich zależności od oszczędności i stopy procentowej. Analizę przeprowadzono na podstawie jednostkowych danych panelowych niezbilansowanych przedsiębiorstw, zatrudniających co najmniej 10 pracowników, zawartych w rocznych sprawozdaniach GUS F-02 z lat 1995–2012. Do oszacowania parametrów wykorzystano systemowy estymator GMM (Generalised Methods of Moments; por. Arellano, Bover [1995]; Blundell, Bond [1998]) z odporną macierzą wariancji-kowariancji. Wykazano istotną ujemną zależność między inwestycjami finansowymi a nadwyżką pieniężną wygenerowaną z działalności operacyjnej, co oznacza, że problemy z utrzymaniem płynności w podstawowej działalności skłaniają przedsiębiorstwa do zwiększania długoterminowych inwestycji finansowych zgodnie z motywem przezornościowym. Natomiast akumulacja nadwyżki pieniężnej z działalności operacyjnej w postaci oszczędności powoduje wzrost długoterminowych inwestycji finansowych. Wykazano też dodatni wpływ realnej międzybankowej stopy procentowej overnight. Potwierdza to występowanie motywu przezornościowego. Łącznie uzyskane wyniki pozwalają wnioskować, iż wzrost stóp procentowych oznacza rosnący koszt alternatywny inwestycji w środki trwałe i może zachęcać firmy do przeznaczenia oszczędności na zakup aktywów finansowych (kanał stopy procentowej polityki pieniężnej) zamiast na inwestycje w środki trwałe lub prace rozwojowe (B+R).
EN
The paper analyzed the size and structure of the households financial savings in Poland in the years 2000–2014. Throughout the entire analysis period the value of saving increased significantly. Bank deposits were the basic category in which the personal financial surpluses were invested. The share of alternative investments which were based on the securities markets rose rapidly in the whole structure of households financial savings before the middle of 2007 at the expense of the fraction of bank deposits. After the outbreak of the financial crisis in the summer of 2007 the share of bank deposits temporary increased while the percentage of the alternative investments diminished. During the entire analysis period the importance of pension products increased gradually.
PL
Artykuł został poświęcony analizie wielkości i struktury oszczędności finansowych gospodarstw domowych w Polsce w latach 2000–2014. Struktura pracy jest podporządkowana tak sformułowanemu celowi badawczemu. Opracowanie składa się ze wstępu, dwóch części i krótkiego zakończenia. Pierwsza część pracy jest poświęcona badaniu wybranych teorii ekonomicznych zajmujących się oszczędnościami. Przedmiotem krótkiej analizy są kolejno: ekonomia klasyczna i neoklasyczna, ekonomia keynesowska, hipoteza cyklu życia oszczędności Franco Modiglianiego, teoria dochodu permanentnego Miltona Friedmana oraz teorie portfelowe. W drugiej części przebadano wielkość oraz strukturę oszczędności finansowych gospodarstw domowych w Polsce w latach 2000–2014. Podsumowanie oraz najważniejsze wnioski wynikające z pracy znajdują się w zakończeniu.
PL
Cel: Głównym celem badań jest ocena wpływu wprowadzenia pracowniczych planów kapitałowych (PPK) na adekwatność polskiego systemu emerytalnego. Wychodząc od trzech wymiarów adekwatności, sformułowano pomocnicze pytania badawcze: w jakim stopniu PPK wpłyną na wzrost przyszłych stóp zastąpienia w polskim systemie emerytalnym? czy PPK wpłyną na ograniczenie ubóstwa osób starszych w Polsce? czy PPK wpłyną na zmniejszenie zróżnicowania świadczeń emerytalnych ze względu na płeć? Odpowiedzi na te pytania stanowiły cele szczegółowe opracowania. Metodyka badań: Wykorzystane metody badawcze obejmują metaanalizę rezultatów dotychczasowych badań, statystyczną analizę danych publikowanych przez instytucje publiczne oraz elementy ekonomicznej analizy prawa. Wnioski badawcze zostały sformułowane na podstawie rozumowania indukcyjnego opierającego się na syntezie rezultatów poszczególnych metod badawczych. Wyniki badań: W rezultacie przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że wpływ wprowadzenia PPK na poprawę adekwatności dochodowej polskiego systemu emerytalnego jest niejednoznaczny. PPK mogą wpłynąć na poprawę wąsko rozumianej adekwatności dochodowej systemu emerytalnego (wygładzenie konsumpcji w ujęciu indywidualnym). Uwzględniając wielowymiarowe podejście do adekwatności emerytur, rozwiązanie to należy jednak ocenić negatywnie. W szczególności zwraca się uwagę, że PPK nie przyczyniają się do zmniejszenia skali ubóstwa wśród emerytów oraz wyeliminowania nierówności ze względu na płeć. Wnioski: PPK należy traktować jako instrument poprawy wysokości przyszłych świadczeń emerytalnych dla części społeczeństwa, a nie narzędzie służące do poprawy adekwatności dochodowej polskiego systemu emerytalnego rozumianej wielowymiarowo. Wkład w rozwój dyscypliny: Badania i ocena wpływu wprowadzenia PPK na adekwatność dochodową polskiego systemu emerytalnego.
EN
Objective: The article assesses the impact of employee capital plans (ECP) on the adequacy of pensions in Poland. On the basis of three dimensions of adequacy, the following research questions were formulated: To what extent will ECP affect the growth of future replacement rates in the Polish pension system? Will ECP affect the reduction of poverty of the elderly people in Poland? Will ECP reduce the gender pension gap? An attempt to provide comprehensive answers to these questions is the specific objective of the study. Research Design & Methods: The research methods used include meta-analysis of previous studies, statistical analysis of data published by public institutions, and the analysis of law from an economic perspective. Conclusions are based on inductive reasoning based on the synthesis of the results of the individual research methods. Findings: It is not clear from the research if introducing ECP improves the income adequacy of the Polish pension system, though it may do so narrowly, by smoothing consumption in individual terms. However, taking into account the multidimensional approach to the adequacy of pensions, this solution has proven ineffective. Specifically, ECPs do not contribute to reducing the scale of poverty among pensioners or eliminating gender inequalities. Implications / Recommendations: ECPs should be treated as an instrument for improving the amount of future retirement benefits for a part of society, and not as a tool to effectively improve the multi-dimensional income adequacy of the Polish pension system. Contribution: Examination and assessment of the impact of introducing ECPs on the income adequacy of the Polish pension system.
EN
The article concerns the newly adopted Act on Employee Capital Plans, which was adopted at the end of 2018, entered into force on 1 January 2019 and is to be implemented at the beginning of 2021. The article describes the origin of the adopted solution, objectives and solutions adopted in the Act. Finally, it describes the potential effects in the form of costs and benefits resulting from the Act.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy nowej ustawy o pracowniczych planach kapitałowych, która została przyjęta pod koniec 2018 r., weszła w życie 1.01.2019 r. i ma zostać wdrożona z początkiem 2021 r. Opisuje on genezę oraz ostateczny kształt przyjętych w ustawie rozwiązań prawnych w tym zakresie. Poza tym zostały w nim zaprezentowane potencjalne skutki - w postaci kosztów i korzyści - wynikające z uchwalenia ustawy.
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