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EN
Public examinations, known as “demonstrations” [popisy], organised at the Volhynian Gymnasium and Lyceum in Krzemieniec referred to a centuries-old educational tradition. Set up at the end of the school year, following internal examinations, the results of which determined whether the students got promoted to the next grade or not, they were meant to advertise the school but also to spread knowledge. Their spectacularity, however, was also an important factor, especially that the audiences, made up of the students’ family members and people living in Krzemieniec, lacked the education to fully appreciate the scholarly merits of the demonstrations. The students were behaving like artists. In the great hall of the school, they walked onto a podium, which resembled a stage, and recited answers to questions they knew in advance. Diary accounts bear evidence that the public examinations were a kind of entertainment for people living in Krzemieniec and its vicinity and were eagerly awaited for all year long.
EN
In the spring of 1803, the periodical Nowy Pamiętnik Warszawski published “Wiersz o sztuce aktorskiej ofiarowany aktorce zaczynającej” (‘A Poem on the Art of Acting Offered to A Debuting Actress’) composed by Ludwik Osiński. It was dedicated to Rozalia Bogusławska, a daughter of the managing director of the National Theatre, Wojciech Bogusławski. Rozalia debuted on stage a year earlier, and later on, married the author of the poem. The poem is not, as the title might suggest, addressed just to beginners. It shows thorough knowledge of general pedagogy, education and didactics, which Ludwik Osiński possessed by virtue of his education and profession. He had been educated at a Piarist divinity school, worked as a tutor and teacher; he also ran, in co-operation with Konstanty Wolski, a boarding school for boys, so he was well-versed in the pedagogical theories by John Amos Comenius, François Fénelon, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. He deployed them in the poem he composed, which referred to matters broader than just pedagogy of the acting profession.
EN
The relations between one of the most important Polish schools of the 19th century, the Volhynian Gymnasium (Lyceum) at Krzemieniec, and the theatre—as a phemomenon and institution—were complex and ambiguous. On the one hand, the tradition and the idea of the Polish National Theatre, founded by King Stanislaw August, was appreciated and held in high regard. The idea, epitomised by Wojciech Bogusławski, “the father of the national stage,” stressed the significance the theatre had in maintaining the national identity after the partitions, under foreign (at Krzemieniec, Russian) domination. In literature classes, the Gymnasium students were introduced to dramas written by the Polish Enlightenment authors and were taught about the educational role of theatre. They also read the most outstanding foreign dramas, by Molière and Shakespeare. One of the students, Franciszek Kowalski, went on to become a respected translator of Molière’s. On the other hand, however, the school authorities, concerned about the morality of its students and reinforcing its educational autonomy, viewed the travelling companies of Polish actors that visited the town with great suspicion, which was in line with Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s pedagogical ideas. This was also partly due to the fact that, although the companies were “children” of the National Theatre, they usually did not measure up to the Warsaw standard of artistic merit.
EN
The Independence Day was one of the most important state holidays in the Second Polish Republic. The celebration of the tenth anniversary of regaining independence in 1928 was preceded with special preparations; it is then that Przegląd Oświatowy published a list of suggested celebration scenarios which included not only holy masses, lectures, and public speeches but also spectacles with tableaux vivants. The proposition, by prescribing the way to celebrate, did not work too well in schools, and in grammar schools in particular. The article discusses other propositions for spectacles suggested at the time that were better suited for younger children, as they often took on the form of a fairy tale. The convention made it easier for the seven- or eight-year-old viewers to understand the difficult issues of national subjugation, fight for freedom and independence.
PL
Tobias Zeutschner (b. 1621, d. 1675), organist of St Mary Magdalene’s in Breslau, was not a teacher at the Magdalenaeum gymnasium school affiliated to that church. However, occasional prints preserved in the Silesian-Lusatian Collection of Wroclaw University Library confirm his active participation in the musical life of that school. Until now, the scenarios of plays performed by the Magdalenaeum’s pupils have never been the object of musicologists’ interest. And yet they allow us to add several previously unknown, albeit not extant, items to Zeutschner’s oeuvre. Consequently, the thematic catalogue of compositions by Tobias Zeutschner (prepared by the author) contains 83 items, as compared to the 47 listed by Reinhold Starke in 1900. At least ten of the new titles were noted in the school’s occasional prints. What is more, the Magdalenaeum pamphlets offer additional information about known compositions that is particularly helpful in establishing their chronology. For example, previously we had only an approximate date for the Christmas biblical history ‘Halleluja, höret an die Geburt unsers Herren’, a major work by Zeutschner, whereas now it is possible to propose 29 January 1660 as the date of its first rendition.
PL
The drama activities carried out in the period 1759–1781 on school stage of the Basilian College of Buchach helped to transfer the standards applied in the Enlightenment era to the gentry at the periphery of the former Polish Republic. The Enlightenment trends were evidenced by the observed tendencies in building theatre repertoires. Undoubtedly, the Basilian monks made use of the oeuvre of Jesuit and Piarist stages. Following the Enlightenment ideals, they attempted to impart civic and moralizing significance to the performances, in line with the slogan “teaching by entertaining”.
EN
From the oldest Piarist branch north of the Alps in the South Moravian Mikulov / Nikolsburg, also comes the earliest play by the Piarist school theatre, which has survived not only as a Latin perioche, but (at least its half) in German. The article brings the commented first edition of the Bacchus play, which will significantly modify the current ideas about the order's theatre culture. It also explains the remarkable circumstances of the origin, reception and tradition, analyses the aesthetic peculiarities of this carnival entertainment, and locates them in the context of the baroque religious theatre.
DE
Aus der ältesten Piaristen-Niederlassung nördlich der Alpen im südmährischen Mikulov / Nikolsburg kommt auch das früheste Theaterstück des piaristischen Schultheaters, das sich nicht nur als lateinische Perioche, sondern (zumindest zur Hälfte) im deutschen Volltext erhalten hat. Der Beitrag bringt die kommentierte Erstedition des Bacchus-Spiels, die die gängigen Vorstellungen von der Spielkultur des Ordens erheblich modifizieren wird. Er erläutert zudem die bemerkenswerten Umstände der Entstehung, Rezeption und Überlieferung, analysiert die ästhetischen Besonderheiten dieser Faschingsunterhaltung und verortet sie im Kontext des barocken Ordenstheaters.
Tematy i Konteksty
|
2019
|
vol. 14
|
issue 9
267-276
EN
Did the Union of Lublin pass the test of time in 1683 in perhaps in the most difficult period for it? The Lithuanian relief of Vienna was only simulated, but if everything was calmed down, it was because the anti-Royal opposition was strong and John III was weak. At the same time, a problem arose of how to proclaim the glory of the Viennese triumph without humiliating the late and infamous Lithuania? The answer is a school Jesuit theatre and a performance entitled Picture of Victory [...].
PL
Artykuł jest próbą spojrzenia na teatr szkolny jako element szerszej struktury, jaką jest kultura szkoły. Podstawą przyjętego punktu wyjścia jest przekonanie, że teatr ów można: 1) osadzić w działaniach performatywnych, co wymaga traktowania go jak części doświadczenia uczestników kultury szkoły, 2) jest wyrazem interakcyjności kultury szkoły, co przejawia się w różnorodnym charakterze teatru szkolnego na przestrzeni czasu. Tekst prezentuje zmienne cele teatru szkolnego uzależnione od kontekstów społeczno-kulturowych. Szczególną uwagę autorka poświęca czasom dwudziestolecia międzywojennego, które uważane są za jedne z najbardziej rewolucyjnych w praktyce i podglądach na teatr szkolny. Dziedzictwo tamtych czasu nie jest jednak wykorzystane. Przywołane niedawne badania i raporty dotyczące edukacji teatralnej dzieci prezentują obraz nikłej aktywności uczniów w sferze pracy w szkolnym teatrze, co jest uwarunkowane m.in. współczesnym nastawieniem na szybki i spektakularny sukces oraz na kształtowanie postaw odbiorczych.
EN
This article is an attempt to look at school theatre as a part of a broader structure that is school culture. The basis of the accepted starting point is the belief that the theatre can be: 1) set in performative activities, which require treating it as part of the experience of school culture participants, 2) an expression of the interaction of school culture, which manifests itself in the variety of school theatre over time. The text presents the changing goals of school theatre based on socio-cultural contexts. Particular attention is given to the author of the twentieth-century period, which is considered to be one of the most revolutionary in practice and a preview of school theatre. However, the legacy of those times is not used. Recent research and reports on theatrical education of children present a picture of the low activity of pupils in the field of school theatre work. A contemporary attitude results from the desire of a rapid and spectacular success and to shaping the receiving attitudes.
PL
Nie ulega wątpliwości, że teatr był jedną z najbardziej spektakularnych form działalności jezuitów. O tej ich szczególnej działalności traktuje nowa książka prof. Jana Okonia Wychowanie do społeczeństwa w teatrach szkolnych jezuitów w Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów. Autor na prawie 470 stronach tekstu, w sześciu częściach, 24 rozdziałach i różnego rodzaju aneksach źródłowych prezentuje różne aspekty i działalność tak złożonej instytucji, jaką był teatr szkolny.
EN
There is no doubt that the theatre was one of the most spectacular forms of Jesuit activity. A new book by Prof. Jan Okoń Upbringing to society. In Jesuit school theaters in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth deals with this particular activity of them. The author presents various aspects and activities of such a complex institution as the school theatre on almost 470 pages of the text, in 6 parts, 24 chapters and various addenda that contain sources.
PL
Jedną z najświetniejszych kart w dziejach Zakładu Naukowo-Wychowawczego Ojców Jezuitów w Chyrowie (1886–1939) stanowił teatr. W archiwach zachowało się wiele źródeł, które przynoszą informacje o funkcjach, celach, warunkach działania szkolnej sceny i jej opiekunach. Są to liczne rozproszone rękopisy, a także wydawane przez konwikt druki, urzędowe Sprawozdania dyrekcji szkoły, przepisy dla profesorów i nauczycieli zakonnych, bogato ilustrowane chyrowskie wydawnictwa jubileuszowe na 25- i 50-lecie placówki, a także komplet egzemplarzy szkolnej gazetki. Drugą grupę źródeł, najcenniejszą dla badacza sceny, stanowią dokumenty pracy teatru: 35 unikalnych egzemplarzy sztuk pochodzących z zaginionej Biblioteki Teatru w Chyrowie, często opatrzonych notatkami reżyserskimi, 432 programy teatru konwiktowego oraz pojedyncze źródła ikonograficzne. Artykuł zawiera rozważania nad przydatnością wymienionych dokumentów, zwłaszcza do badań historycznoteatralnych. Autorka dokonuje analizy zawartości źródeł i ze względu na dostrzeżone niedomówienia, nieścisłości, a nawet pomyłki podkreśla konieczność ich starannej weryfikacji, krytyki. Zaznacza, że dopiero po wzajemnym potwierdzeniu i uzupełnieniu materiałów archiwalnych można przystąpić do rekonstrukcji kalendarium repertuarowego teatru chyrowskiego, ustalając daty dzienne, okazje wystawień, tytuły spektakli, ich formę sceniczną, a ponadto listę wykonawców i skład widowni. Na podstawie zachowanych źródeł możemy dziś mówić o 513 widowiskach scenicznych, podczas których publiczność konwiktowa obejrzała 758 inscenizacji utworów dramatycznych. Autorka wskazuje na szereg aspektów związanych z możliwością interpretacji dokumentów chyrowskich. Teatr konwiktu wpisuje się bowiem w długą tradycję scen jezuickich, a studia komparatystyczne pozwalają spojrzeć na niego również z perspektywy rozwijających się pozostałych scen szkolnych i amatorskich. Zważywszy, że Zakład kształcił przyszłych liderów życia społecznego, których utrwalone gusty artystyczne wpływały na rozwój życia teatralnego, scenę konwiktową postrzegać należy jako ważny element dziedzictwa kulturowego.
EN
One of the finest episodes in the history of the Scientific and Educational Department of the Jesuit Fathers in Chyrów (1886–1939) was its theatre. Archives contain numerous sources which provide information on its functions, aims, conditions in which it functioned, and its counsellors. These are numerous dispersed manuscripts and printed materials issued by the school, official Reports of the school administration, re­gulations for academic staff, richly illustrated publications issued for the 25th and 50th anniversary of the institution, as well as copies of the school gazette. The second group of sources, most valuable to theatre historians, are documents concerning the work of the theatre – 35 unique copies of plays from the lost Chyrów Theatre Library, often containing annotations, 432 programmes, as well as individual iconographic sources. The article discusses the usefulness of these documents, particularly for historical research. The author analyses their contents and emphasises the necessity of their careful scrutiny, due to frequent omissions, inaccuracies, and mistakes. The author states that only after confirmation and completion of the archival materials will it be possible to reconstruct the theatre’s repertoire calendar, determining the dates and occasions of performances, play titles, scenic forms, lists of performers and audience composition.
Pamiętnik Teatralny
|
2018
|
vol. 67
|
issue 3
169-204
EN
The Independence Day was one of the most important state holidays in the Second Polish Republic. The celebration of the tenth anniversary of regaining independence in 1928 was preceded with special preparations; it is then that "Przegląd Oświatowy" published a list of suggested celebration scenarios which included not only holy masses, lectures, and public speeches but also spectacles with tableaux vivants. The proposition, by prescribing the way to celebrate, did not work too well in schools, and in grammar schools in particular. The article discusses other propositions for spectacles suggested at the time that were better suited for younger children, as they often took on the form of a fairy tale. The convention made it easier for the seven- or eight-year-old viewers to understand the difficult issues of national subjugation, fight for freedom and independence.
PL
Obchody rocznicy odzyskania przez Polskę niepodległości należały do najważniejszych świąt państwowych w II Rzeczypospolitej. Szczególnie starannie przygotowywano się do uczczenia dziesiątej rocznicy w 1928, wtedy też „Przegląd Oświatowy” opublikował propozycję sposobów organizowania uroczystości, w której oprócz nabożeństw, wykładów i prelekcji znalazły się widowiska ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem żywych obrazów. Projekt ten, wyznaczając sposób świętowania, niestety niezbyt dobrze sprawdzał się w szkołach, a zwłaszcza powszechnych. W artykule przedstawione zostały publikowane wówczas propozycje widowisk dla młodszych dzieci szkolnych, które niejednokrotnie przybierały formę baśniową. Dzięki tej formie łatwiej było siedmio-, ośmioletniemu odbiorcy zrozumieć trudne zagadnienia narodowej niewoli, walki i niepodległości.
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