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Kontroverzní Jungkův bestseller Jasnější než tisíc sluncí a nacistický uranový výzkum

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Grygar F.

Teorie vědy (Theory of Science)

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2023

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vol. 45

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issue 1

37-66

EN

The essay deals with Nazi uranium research in the context of Jungk᾽s bestseller Brighter Than a Thousand Suns (1956). The first part of the article introduces the reader to Jungk himself, as well as to the historical-political context that crucially influenced his moralising positions in favour of the German uranium scientists (they did not build nuclear weapons for Hitler) and at the same time against the Allied scientists (they built nuclear weapons and used them). Based on historical sources (gradually made available since the 1970s), the second part of the study discusses the Nazi Uranium Club᾽s efforts to produce a uranium reactor and nuclear weapons. German scientists worked for the Nazi regime voluntarily and intensively and were immersed into the research. The third part reveals the origins of the post-war legend of the supposedly innocent German scientists, their decades-long evasion of responsibility, and the criticism of Jungk᾽s bestseller by the Allied command, the scientists, and eventually Jungk himself, who put faith in the interviews in which German scientists proclaimed their activities had been nothing but peaceful.

CS

Stať se zabývá nacistickým uranovým výzkumem v souvislosti s Jungkovým bestsellerem Jasnější než tisíc sluncí (1956). První část seznamuje čtenáře jak s Jungkem samotným, tak s historicko-politickým kontextem, jenž zásadně ovlivnil jeho moralizující stanoviska ve prospěch německých uranových vědců (jaderné zbraně pro Hitlera nevyrobili) a současně v neprospěch vědců spojeneckých (sestrojili jaderné zbraně a použili je). Na základě historických pramenů (postupně zpřístupňovaných od sedmdesátých let 20. století) pojednává druhá část studie o nacistickém Uranovém spolku, v němž se vědci snažili vyrobit uranový reaktor a jaderné zbraně. Němečtí vědci pracovali pro nacistický režim dobrovolně, intenzivně a výzkum je fascinoval. Třetí část osvětluje počátky poválečné legendy o údajně nevinných německých vědcích, jejich desítky let trvající alibismus a kritiku Jungkovy knihy ze strany spojeneckého velení, vědců, a nakonec i Jungka samotného, jenž předtím uvěřil německým vědcům, kteří v četných rozhovorech mluvili o svých mírových aktivitách.

2

Czy na uniwersytetach poszukuje się prawdy?

100%

Krzych B. K.

Przestrzeń Społeczna

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2018

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vol. 2

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issue 2/2018 (16)

EN

The text is a reflection on modern universities based on the thought of Thomas Aquinas, Nicolai Hartmann, Karl Jaspers and Michał Heller. The main claim is that the purpose of scientific research is truth, which, however, can never be achieved in an absolute way due to cognitive limitations. The ethical aspect of practicing science is also underlined. Some aspects of the institutional functioning of universities are also discussed, as well as the more important characteristics that should characterise the scholar. The posture of openness of mind and responsibility for science and the academic community is postulated. The first part of the text addresses the issue of the identity of the university and the research community. Attention was also paid to the most important characteristics of the scientist: reason and morality, which should take precedence over will and institutionalisation. The second part of the text raises the problem of truth and the possibility of its achieving. The arguments point to the impossibility of obtaining unambiguously objective and absolute knowledge. However, this does not mean scep-ticism, because scientific progress allows a better understanding of reality and leads to a reduction in the area of irrationality. In the third part of the text, ‘commandments of the man of Academy’, are given, which boil down to responsibility, conscientiousness, cooperation and openness to criticism in their principles. At the end, the author puts the thesis, that university should be a place to build a community of people devoted to truth and science. All activities within it should be an implementation of an idea of the university, reaching back to the medieval roots of the Academy.

3

Koncepcja etyki naukowej i wizje postępu moralnego w ujęciu liderów polskiej myśli pozytywistycznej

100%

Tyburski W.

Folia Philosophica

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2022

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vol. 48

1-25

EN

The article presents one of the components of the intellectual legacy of Polish positivism, a philosophical position which proposed a new attitude towards ethical issues. Its representatives put forward the notion of scientific ethics, reducing moral philosophy to it. They strongly emphasized their critical attitude towards traditional ethics, for which there was no place in the positivist model of science, and proposed a distinction between theoretical and practical ethics. Their project was motivated by an ambition to make ethics into jurisprudence, a discipline whose accuracy would make it similar to other sciences. Their efforts were consistently motivated by the idea of making ethics into an empirical and applied science. This scientific ethics would fulfill the important task of forming a set of moral requirements, which, by referring to moral knowledge (“ethology”), would have a chance of influencing the conduct of individuals and society. The new ethics was expected to contribute to the change in social morality and thus greatly support moral progress, an issue which was hotly debated. All positivists subscribed to the idea of progress, including that of morality; however, some differences can be discerned in how they defined progress. Some defined it in realistic categories, while others focused on optimistic visions of the future. Among the first advocates of scientific ethics and of the idea of moral progress, differences notwithstanding, were Aleksander Świętochowski, Julian Ochorowicz, Feliks Bogacki, Władysław Kozłowski, and Bolesław Prus. The article gives an overview of some of their views.

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Kontroverzní Jungkův bestseller Jasnější než tisíc sluncí a nacistický uranový výzkum

Czy na uniwersytetach poszukuje się prawdy?

Koncepcja etyki naukowej i wizje postępu moralnego w ujęciu liderów polskiej myśli pozytywistycznej