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EN
The system approach to the miracle is based on the conviction that the complex issues, requiring the interdisciplinary approach, should be captured in a system way. Thus, the problem of miracle, because of its interdisciplinary character, should be captured in a systemic way, because such approach enables the more adequate and comprehensive presentation of these issues. The system approach towards the epistemology of miracle is the attempt of the more adequate presentation of the relationship between the scientific-natural research and theological stage of recognizing the miracle. Because of using systemic categories, it is possible to present the common foundations (environment) of the system of scientific-natural knowledge and the system of theological interpretation, which can be described as the rationality of knowledge. The result of adopting the systemic epistemology of miracle is noticing the relations between the scientific-natural research and theological interpretation in their system complexity. Determining these relations leads to the more general conclusion that the natural sciences and theology as separate and autonomous systems of gaining the knowledge of reality do not have to be treated as the competing but rather as the complementary ones, with their methodological diversity and limitations in mind.
EN
The article presents a history of pedagogy initially as the area of philosophical reflection, then emerging more clearly as a separate branch of knowledge, and eventually an independent discipline embracing extensive and diverse scope of problems. The leading themes are the changes in the understanding of pedagogy and the ways cultivated in it. The problems of modern pedagogy and the condition of Polish pedagogical environments have been outlined. Also, the emphasis is laid on social obligation of pedagogical discipline and its links with educational practice.
Human Affairs
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2014
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vol. 24
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issue 3
299-306
EN
Regulatory impact assessment (RIA) is seen as a tool for increasing evidence-based policy making and as such it is being integrated into decision-making procedures on a wide range of issues. Based on systematic consultation, clear criteria for policy choice, and economic analysis of how costs and benefits impact on a wide range of affected parties, this tool operates by using scientific knowledge and technical analysis rather than political considerations. Scientific knowledge can be used to achieve instrumental learning (Radaelli, 2009, OECD), policy change (Sabatier, 1999), to impact on decision making (Caplan, 1979; C.H.Weiss, 1999) but also to seek legitimacy from the policy environment (Edelman, 1985; Schrefler, 2010). This article suggests an analytical framework for analysing RIA documents with insight from knowledge utilization theories. We argue that in order to better understand the RIA itself, we need to look at institutional factors as well. The combination of institutional context variables and variables for RIA document content analysis which make up worldviews in this framework provide the basis for the document analysis and exploration of RIA in its context.
EN
The predictions of science fiction play an important part in the cultural landscape of contemporary western culture, being integral to the popular culture (novels, movies, TV series, graphic novels). Science fiction narratives predict the future of society, technology, culture but also – the science itself and a university as a scientific institution. The aim of this work is to shed light on the depiction of the future of science, knowledge, and university in the science fiction works, predicting the ineluctable societal collapse. The essay focuses on the use of the scientific discourse and scientific knowledge in the chosen science fiction narratives by Stanisław Lem, Walter M. Miller jr., John Brunner, and Paolo Bacigalupi.
EN
The text is about the competences of an early education teacher in developing the student’s natural science knowledge. Selected typologies of the teacher’s competences and a constructivist approach towards the student’s knowledge are presented. Moreover, the text shows that experience is a particularly effective method of improving the child’s skills and knowledge related to nature at an early education level.
EN
The article studies the problem of biographical narrative in the novel «Measuring the World» by Austrian writer Daniel Kelman. The purpose of the research is to consider genre features of the work, to determine its literary structure, the narrative system in the context of postmodernist Austrian prose, and, in particular, the «magic realism» in Latin American literature; to illustrate how the ironic reinterpretation of traditional forms and postmodern play with mass literature cliches, the combination of an exciting plot and deep philosophical problems allow the writer to carry out the process of decoding, on account of the fact that each reader interprets the text in their own way, subject to their knowledge and worldview. Portraying the fate of two German science geniuses of the 19th century, the prominent mathematician Karl Friedrich Gauss and the outstanding naturalist Alexander Humboldt, the Austrian writer depicts two different world views: the theoretical, presented by Gauss, and the practical, introduced by Humboldt. Two different personalities, two different characters are associated with the metaphor «Measuring the world.» It is argued that the combination of two plot lines is something more than just a compositional technique that refers to the peculiar biocentrism on which the entire narrative is based. To achieve the research aim, the following methods are used: biographical, culture-historical, contextual, comparative typological, structural and functional, psychoanalytic. Based upon the analysis, the following results are obtained: it is concluded that the novel «Measuring the world» is one of the most successful German-language novels of recent decades, a striking example of an effective combination of the Austrian literary and artistic tradition with the achievements of the Latin American novel. Subsequently, we have a complex intertexture with ambiguous imagery relative to the contemporary patterns in Austrian prose with regard to the renovation of literary language and the transformation of genre forms.
EN
Today’s development of spiritual life of humanity is marked by the phenomenon of appeal or returning to certain aggregate of religious and occult knowledge. Our culture has a tendency to oscillation between extremes, in particular, examining technical progress both as a means of liberation of humanity or as a means of oppression of that humanity. Analyzing the problem of essence and maintenance of the «removed literature», mainly literature apocrypha’s, we can see in it also an attempt to resist that technique and technologies which dominated from the 16th to the 18th centuries. In research of the Russian and Ukrainian scientists and ethnographers of the 19th century the concept of “otrechennaya literature”, and sometimes “zapreschennaya literature” was widespread . It underlines that position which was occupied by this literature in a civilized manner. The removed literature played an important role in a domestic culture in general, and in becoming of world view and religious consciousness, in particular. Already from the beginning of the 19th century, the Ukrainian and Russian researchers of history of orthodoxy, specialists in folk-lore and linguists appealed to the study and analysis of enormous layer of forbidden official state structures and church organizations of literature. In the middle of the 19th century, national consciousness of Ukrainian thinkers aimed to lead to originality and originality of domestic culture on European space. In fact, then, in a scientific environment westeuropian istoriosophical and philosophical systems, in particular hegelian, shellingian and the like spread and adopted, and scientists, welldisposed to uncritical borrowing, considered it necessary to underline it as an old historical tendency, as something inevitable. Today the theme of research of our cultural and historical inheritance attempts to find our real place in European history. Among the array of the translated literature a large role was played in the spiritual constituent of our culture calculation of Palei, “Secret secret” or “Aristotle’s vrata” (vrata in understanding are sections or heads), “Shestokril”, “Lestvica”, calculation of Astrology and Zodii and others like that.
EN
Due to social changes, but also as a result of human cognitive openness, when reconstructing the meanings of words, contemporary lexical semantics should depart from colloquiality as the only descriptive criterion. The present work proposes the formula of the open definition of meaning. Apart from the semantic-colloquial conceptual center it should also take into consideration simplified scientific knowledge about the world and human creative abilities to produce special semantic transformations of a word that are observable, for example, in artistic texts or language games. The meaning of a word, alike the structure of a concept, is relative and open.
PL
Badacze naukowi prowadzą swoją działalność intelektualną, łącząc oryginalność twórczą z szacunkiem dla dotychczasowego dorobku. Wielu z nich próbuje wiązać opis i analizę z użytecznością społeczną wiedzy naukowej. Etyka społeczna chrześcijańska – określana także jako katolicka nauka społeczna – posiada wypracowaną metodę badawczą, realizowaną w trzech etapach: widzieć, ocenić, działać. Niniejszy artykuł jest próbą wykorzystania tej metody w analizie rzemiosła intelektualnego, w odniesieniu do działalności badawczej, zwłaszcza współczesnej. Metoda ta jest także poszerzona o koncepcję wyobraźni socjologicznej, wypracowanej przez klasycznych myślicieli dziedziny, zwłaszcza przez C.W. Millsa. Artykuł zawiera także propozycję autorskiego przesłania intelektualnego, mającego na celu: wyrażenie szacunku dla wszystkich, którzy trudzą się przy uprawianiu nauki, sformułowanie postulatu dla odważnego wyjścia poza własne schematy badawcze. Istotnym elementem postulatu jest zachęta otwarcia się na dbałość o użyteczność społeczną wiedzy naukowej oraz na jej etyczny wymiar.
EN
Scientists run their intellectual activity by combining creative novelty and respect for previous works. Many of them try to connect description and analysis with social utility of scientific knowledge. Christian social ethics – characterised also as catholic social studies – operates an elaborate research method which is conducted in three ways: see, judge, act. This article is an attempt to use this method in analysis of intellectual work in reference to research activity, especially contemporary research activity. This method contains also conception of sociological imagination, defined by classic thinkers of this field, especially by C.W. Mills. The article describes also a suggestion of the author’s intellectual message aiming to show respect for all those who are engaged in dealing with science, to formulate a postulate on courageous broadening own research schemes. The crucial part of the postulate is encouragement to being careful when social utility of scientific knowledge and its ethical character is concerned.
EN
It is indicated in the lecture that science, as human activity that aims at the objective recognition of a person and his universe, is nowadays perceived as a fundamental power that generates the cultural and civilizational nature of mankind and the world around it. The widening horizon of cultural life has been changing and still changes the scientific and research challenges, including the way, in which science is defined. At present, scientific and technological progress, legal solutions, educational requirements, constantly generate new challenges for science and make it a productive force. The role of social and political sciences that until recently strived to make their ways to achieve the title of science that is a methodologically structured knowledge about human, society and the world, has been changing.At present, the place of social and political reality in the sphere of scientific cognition is perceived as dichotomous – on the one hand, due to the methodology of researches, including attempts to compare them with exact sciences, their scientific separateness is assessed critically; however, on the other hand, taking into account the worked out methods and ways of defining cultural and civilizational reality, explantation of occurrences, processes, humanistic and social values, they are set in the classical science studies, as a whole.
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PL
Analizując system „podmiot-podmiot-obiekt”, autor wprowadza własną definicję pojęcia „prawda o wiedzy”. Ta koncepcja różni się od klasycznej eliminując związane z nią sprzeczności. Następnie wprowadza się system podwójnych cech wiedzy umożliwiający jej dzielenie na rodzaje. Na tej podstawie określono poziomy wiedzy o nazwanych dalej poziomach metodologicznych.
EN
Analyzing system “subject-subject-object”, the author introduces his own definition for the concept “truth of knowledge”. This concept differs from classical one by eliminating contradictions inherent in it. Then he introduces the system of pair properties of knowledge enabling to divide it on the kinds. On this basis the levels of knowledge named as methodological levels are defined.
PL
Artykuł podejmuje problem tożsamości filozofii wychowania i jej specyfiki jako subdyscypliny pedagogicznej, postulując zarazem pewien model jej uprawiania, który może pozwalać na realizowanie jej w dawnych kategoriach nie tylko dyscypliny naukowej, ale także zawierającej i reprezentującej mądrość pedagogiczną. Cała zresztą filozofia, dążąc do spełniania wymagań wiedzy naukowej, zawsze dążyła do bycia źródłem mądrości w życiu indywidualnym i społecznym (idąc za dawną tradycją postrzegania roli filozofa jako mędrca) i nie zadawalała się jedynie wytwarzaniem wiedzy naukowej. Stwierdzenie Th. Kampmanna o filozofii znajdującej się między odwieczną mądrością a czasowo uwarunkowaną wiedzą posłużyło autorowi za podstawę do zaproponowania podejść w badaniach rzeczywistości wychowania (konkretnie metody fenomenologicznej, hermeneutycznej, dialektycznej i systemowej), które – podejmując wyzwania życia i opierając się na życiu (Lebenswelt) – pozwoliłyby na osiąganie mądrości pedagogicznej. Propozycja ta, nie wykluczając obecności także religii – „filozofowania w wierze” – jak postulował Gilson, zachęca do przechodzenia od danych naukowych (także nauk szczegółowych) do ujęć „bliskich życiu”, aspirujących do odkrywania „odwiecznych racji rzeczy” (aeternae rationes rerum), poprzez które możliwe byłoby dochodzenie do pedagogicznej mądrości.
EN
The article undertakes the problem of the identity of the philosophy of education and its specificity as one of the pedagogical disciplines at the same time, making it a model of the practice of growing, which could allow the implementation of it in old categories not only scientific discipline, but also containing and representing the pedagogical wisdom. Moreover, the whole philosophy, in order to meet the requirements of scientific knowledge, always sought to be a source of wisdom in the individual and social life (following the distant tradition of perception of the role of the philosopher as a Sage) and was not content only for the production of scientific knowledge. Affirming the statement of Th. Kampmann about the philosophy located between the age-old wisdom and temporarily conditioned knowledge, the author served as the basis for proposing approaches in basic reality of education (specifically the phenomenological method, hermeneutic, dialectical and systematical), which undertake the challenges of the life and based on the life (Lebenswelt), they would allow for the achievement of pedagogical wisdom. This proposal, not excluding the presence also of the religion – “philosophizing in faith” – as postulated Gilson, encourages the transition from scientific data (including specific sciences), for “close”, aspiring to explore “the age-old rights of the things” (aeternae rationes rerum), through which it would be possible to reach the pedagogical wisdom.
EN
The increasing use of digital technologies in scientific work and communication raises the question of the epistemological nature of knowledge thus produced. In this essay, I am employing the conceptual apparatus developed by Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer for the analysis of the historical dispute between Robert Boyle and Thomas Hobbes over the ways of producing knowledge in natural philosophy, and applying it to digital research. Their concept of three knowledge-making technologies - material, literary and social - appear to be heuristically useful concepts for reflecting on digital technologies as well. The latter are presented in the essay not as a separate facts-producing technology, but as elements around which the existing scientific technologies are radically reconfigured. Particular attention is paid to the concept of code as a literary technology and the role of digital technologies in the humanities.
CS
Vzrůstající využívání digitálních technologií ve vědecké práci a komunikaci vyvolává otázku, jaká je epistemologická povaha takto vytvořeného vědění. V tomto eseji využívám pojmový aparát, který vyvinuli Steven Shapin a Simon Schaffer k analýze historického sporu mezi Robertem Boylem a Thomasem Hobbesem o způsob vytváření vědění v přírodní filosofii, a aplikuji jej na problematiku digitálního výzkumu. Jejich koncepty tří technologií vytvářejících vědění - materiální, literární a sociální - se ukazují jako heuristicky užitečné koncepty i pro reflexi digitálních technologií. Ty jsou v eseji představeny nikoliv jako samostatné technologie vytváření faktů, nýbrž jako prvky, kolem nichž se dosavadní vědecké technologie radikálně rekonfigurují. Zvláštní pozornost esej věnuje představě kódu jako literární technologie a roli digitálních technologií v humanitních vědách.
PL
Prezentowane opracowanie miało na celu wskazanie ponadstandardowych ograniczeń w funkcjonowaniu spółki celowej powołanej przez dwie publiczne instytucje: uczelnię oraz samorząd do komercjalizacji badań naukowych istotnych dla funkcjonowania regionu. Oba typy instytucji – mimo teoretycznych podobieństw – mają odmienną charakterystykę ze względu na sposób funkcjonowania, wewnętrzne regulacje prawne, źródła finansowania działalności oraz metody zarządcze. Nasuwa się zatem pytanie o skuteczność zarządzania powołaną spółką celową zarówno na poziomie strukturalnym (liczba ciał kolegialnych oraz ich wpływ na działalność spółki), w warstwie właścicielskiej (sposób komunikacji między właścicielami spółki) oraz w aspekcie zarządczym, tj. możliwość podejmowania decyzji oraz osiągania celów przez zarząd. Dodając do tego istotę tworzenia spółek celowych przez podmioty publiczne (uczelnie), należy zadać pytanie o sens powołania tego typu organizacji.
EN
The presented study aims to indicate above-standard limitations in the functioning of a special purpose vehicle, set up by two public institutions: (1) a scientific institution and (2) local government to commercialize scientific research relevant to the functioning of the region. However, both types of institutions have different characteristic on the way of functioning, internal legal regulations, sources of financing of activities and management methods. This raises the question of the effectiveness of management of the special purpose vehicles, both at the (1) structural level (the number of collegial bodies and their impact on the company’s operations), the ownership layer (the way of communication between the owners of the special purpose vehicles) and in the management aspect, i.e. the ability to make decisions and achieve purposes by management Adding the major aim of creating special purpose vehicles by public entities (universities), the question should be asked about the sense of establishing a special purpose vehicle of this type of organization.
EN
Discussion of the knowledge that is created through human cognitive efforts in different periods of history proceeds has a varying intensity. In the second half of the twentieth century, when it was announced that mankind had entered the age of knowledge society, reflection on its condition requires special attention. In order to meet this challenge, the article seeks to answer two basic questions: a) What knowledge currently enjoys the greatest social recognition? b) What are the parameters of such knowledge that put it in a dominant position among other forms? When attempting to answer these questions, the author does not try to idealize the intellectual product considered to be the most valuable, but also points to its weaker sides, confronting the facts with the expectations placed upon it.
PL
Dyskusja nad wiedzą, która powstaje w wyniku starań poznawczych człowieka w różnych okresach dziejów przebiega z odmienną intensywnością. W drugiej połowie XX wieku, kiedy to ogłoszono, że ludzkość wkroczyła w epokę społeczeństwa wiedzy, namysł nad jej kondycją domaga się szczególnej uwagi. Wychodząc naprzeciw temu wyzwaniu, w artykule starano się odpowiedzieć na dwa zasadnicze pytania: a) Jaka wiedza aktualnie cieszy się największym uznaniem społecznym? b) Jakie są parametry takiej wiedzy, za przyczyną których uzyskała dominującą pozycję pośród pozostałych form? Przy próbie odpowiedzi na te pytania autor nie próbuje idealizować produktu intelektualnego uznanego za najbardziej wartościowy, ale wskazuje także i słabsze jego strony, zestawiając stan faktyczny z oczekiwaniami, jakie pod jego adresem są stawiane.
EN
The aim of the text is to show Florian Znaniecki’s contribution to the exploration of scientific knowledge. The scientist devoted a lot of space to dissecting numerous aspects related to this knowledge. However, these were not elaborated and presented by him in a compact form, nor were they pursued according to a specific research programme. They are scattered over many publications, written at different times and undertaken for different motives. It was necessary to extract them from his rich oeuvre and submit them in a reasonably coherent form. This was done using a scheme drawn from a proposal by Maria and Stanisław Ossowski, intended by the authors to tie together the threads that would be dealt with in the science of science. After slight modification, it consists of the following sections: reflections on the sociology of scientific knowledge closely linked to the philosophy of science, sociological science of knowledge as one of many branches of culture, scientific knowledge in the context of collective life, issues of an institutional and organisational nature related to scientific knowledge, historical analyses relating to scientific knowledge.
PL
Celem tekstu jest pokazanie wkładu Floriana Znanieckiego w zgłębianie wiedzy naukowej. Uczony poświęcił wiele miejsca na roztrząsanie licznych aspektów z tą wiedzą związanych. Nie były one jednak przez niego opracowane i przedstawione w zwartej formie, ani realizowane zgodnie z konkretnym programem badawczym. Rozproszone są po wielu publikacjach, pisanych w różnym czasie i podejmowanych z różnych pobudek. Należało je wydobyć z jego bogatej twórczości i przedłożyć w miarę spójnej postaci. Do tego posłużył schemat zaczerpnięty z propozycji Marii i Stanisława Ossowskich, mający w zamyśle autorów spinać wątki, którymi miałaby się zająć nauka o nauce. Po lekkiej modyfikacji składa się z następujących działów: rozważania nad socjologią wiedzy naukowej ściśle powiązane z filozofią nauki, socjologiczna nauka o wiedzy jako jednym z wielu działów kultury, wiedza naukowa w kontekście życia zbiorowego, zagadnienia o charakterze instytucjonalno-organizacyjnym związane z wiedzą naukową, historyczne analizy odnoszące się do wiedzy naukowej.
EN
Mass media, and especially digital media, have become an important tool of literacy and have increased their use in classrooms for educational purposes. This is of great interest in scientific literacy and Brossard and Shanahan (2006) developed an instrument to evaluate the understanding of scientific terms and basic science concepts. In this quantitative study we analyse the relationship between Spanish digital mass media and scientific literacy in pre-service primary teachers (N = 189). Results showed that these university students have a term knowledge level lower than the one found by Brossard and Shanahan in the USA. On the other hand, conceptual knowledge was not correlated at all to the term frequency in the Spanish digital newspapers considered. The conclusions suggest that participants do not use digital newspapers to improve their science education so a change in students’ use of those digital media from ludic to educational purposes is needed.
EN
The article deals with the epistemic situation understood as a semantic unit of scientific texts. An epistemic situation comprises the substantial aspects of the content – ontological (represented by the terminized concept), methodological (how knowledge is acquired and in what form it is verbalized) and axiological (correlated with value characteristics of knowledge). A language system possesses a wide range of means that can explain the epistemic situation. The rhetorical analysis consists of determining the dominant characteristics of the text, conditioned by dynamics of the epistemic situation – the dynamics which help to appeal to the addressee.
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