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EN
The historical education of youth has played an important role in patriotic education. The results of academic research into the patriotism of Polish youth shows the growing need of patriotic education in the context of situating patriotism as an independent category, an element of the axiological system, the awareness of Polish youth. The analysis of contemporary Polish reality indicates new challenges in patriotic education. With the ZHR we are dealing with a specific vision of our history, as well as a specific version of present times and a specific cultural code. Scouting is considered an organization that has become an inherent part of Polish tradition and culture, and the ideal of being raised in the scouting tradition has been established in the consciousness of a number of generations of Poles. It is a consequence of our national culture and tradition. Scouting has been used as a tool for developing an independent attitude amongst patriotic youths. It also became an essential part of the struggle for independence. Scouting as a system of education has been subject to change and ongoing development in changing socio-political and economic conditions. This process has continued in the contemporary, postmodern and post-industrial society. Patriotic education in scouting is an element of scouting methodology based on Scouting Law and the Scouting Oath.
PL
The historical education of youth has played an important role in patriotic education. The results of academic research into the patriotism of Polish youth shows the growing need of patriotic education in the context of situating patriotism as an independent category, an element of the axiological system, the awareness of Polish youth. The analysis of contemporary Polish reality indicates new challenges in patriotic education. With the ZHR we are dealing with a specific vision of our history, as well as a specific version of present times and a specific cultural code. Scouting is considered an organization that has become an inherent part of Polish tradition and culture, and the ideal of being raised in the scouting tradition has been stablished in the consciousness of a number of generations of Poles. It is a consequence of our national culture and tradition. Scouting has been used as a tool for developing an independent attitude amongst patriotic youths. It also became an essential part of the struggle for independence. Scouting as a system of education has been subject to change and ongoing development in changing socio-political and economic conditions. This process has continued in the contemporary, postmodern and post-industrial society. Patriotic education in scouting is an element of scouting methodology based on Scouting Law and the Scouting Oath.
PL
The article presents a typology of activities in adventure education in Poland based on two books written as a result of the conference “Adventure education in nature” (2013, 2014). Based on the criteria created by comparing adventure education activities to outdoor training, three different types of these activities are differentiated and their methodology is discussed: long-term life changing activities based on the precise model of a person (3 types of scouting – Baden Powell’s, Selton and Polish scouts (harcerstwo); Hahn’s and Rydzyna schools approaches; survival), short– term educational activities, and recreation in goal adventure in nature activities. The differences concerning the role of the instructor, the types of methods used and the possible scopes of evaluation are discussed for each type of activity. A comparison of the groups of activities and outdoor training discussed is presented in the form of a table.
EN
The article presents a typology of activities in adventure education in Poland based on two books written as a result of the conference “Adventure education in nature” (2013, 2014). Based on the criteria created by comparing adventure education activities to outdoor training, three different types of these activities are differentiated and their methodology is discussed: long-term life changing activities based on the precise model of a person (3 types of scouting – Baden Powell’s, Selton and Polish scouts (harcerstwo); Hahn’s and Rydzyna schools approaches; survival), short–term educational activities, and recreation in goal adventure in nature activities. The differences concerning the role of the instructor, the types of methods used and the possible scopes of evaluation are discussed for each type of activity. A comparison of the groups of activities and outdoor training discussed is presented in the form of a table.
EN
The article describes a failed attempt to attribute financial crime – embezzlement of the money belonging to the Greater Poland Headquarters of the Local Council of the Polish Scouting and Guiding Association – to scoutmaster Jan Poplewski. However, from the very beginning, the security services were interested in his anti-systemic activity, i.e. inspiring illegal activities among young scouts in the Stalinist period. This story serves as an example for exploring the underresearched problem of attributing various crimes to the opponents of the system, in order to discredit them and use this fact for propaganda purposes. The scale of this problem is impossible to estimate at present, but sometimes it is possible to describe individual cases – for example the case of scoutmaster Jan Poplewski.
EN
Cardinal August Hlond is a distinguished personality of the Catholic Church in Poland. His entire life and work as the priest, archbishop, apostolic administrator, Cardinal and Primate of Poland was devoted to the service of God, His Church, Salesian Society and the country. Being the spiritual son of Saint John Bosco, he was undoubtedly sensitive to the needs of the Polish youths of the time as well as their living conditions. This article is to present the issue of the youth in Cardinal’s life as three-dimensional: his growth and youth in his natural family; his beginnings as a young boy in the Salesian Society in which he decided to carry on with his priestly vocation; his spiritual growth to the point of becoming “the Good Shepherd of the Church” in Poland.
PL
W tekście podjęto się recenzji książki Bogusława Śliwerskiego pod tytułem Harcerstwo źródłem pedagogicznej pasji, wydanej nakładem Oficyny Wydawniczej „Impuls”, Kraków 2016, ss. 308. Dzięki tej publikacji mamy szansę na spotkanie z Mistrzem, do którego zaprasza nas sam Autor. W czasie lektury możemy spróbować zrozumieć pasję Bogusława Śliwerskiego – otwartego, świadomego człowieka, pedagoga, profesora, ojca, męża, instruktora, harcerza… Książka adresowana jest do wszystkich tych, którzy chcą zrozumieć jak aktywne uczestniczenie i głębokie przeżywanie społecznej aktywności wzbogaca, dopełnia życie zawodowe, rodzinne, twórczość naukową Profesora, ale również tych, którzy chcą spotkać człowieka wielowymiarowego.
EN
In the text the author reviews the book of Bogusław Śliwerski titled Scouting the source of pedagogical passion, published by “Impuls” Publishing House, Krakow 2016, pp. 308. Thanks to this publication, we have a chance to have a meeting with the Master. The author himself invites us for this meeting. While reading, we can try to understand the passion of Bogusław Śliwerski—an open, deliberate man, teacher, professor, father, husband, instructor, scout… The book is addressed to all those who want to understand how the active participation and a profound experience of social activity enriches and completes professional and family life, as well as scientific work of Professor, but also those who want to meet a multidimensional man.
EN
Aim: Presenting the pedagogic, academic, and scouting activity of Celestyna Orlikowska in different periods of time and various conditions taking mainly account of the period in Piotrków and her patriotic attitude during the Second World War. Methods: An analysis of archival documents and source literature in the context of social, political, and territorial changes taking place and the ongoing war. Results: Presenting an educationist who cared with great devotion about her mentees’ education. Presenting her great involvement in scouting, and her commendable attitude in the period of conspiracy during the German occupation and during her stay in a concentration camp. Presenting her considerable output in the scope of history of natural sciences. Showing the coercive attitude of the communist authorities towards the highly qualified teacher who wished to educate the youth in the spirit of universal, human values. Conclusions: Showing that the teacher’s worthy attitude, diligence, reliability regardless of the situation she was in, produces positive educational results and earns recognition among her students and the environment she was in.
EN
The world scout movement, including the Polish scout movement refers to a lesser or even to an orthodox extent to the pedagogical ideas and assumptions of Scouting by Robert Stephenson Baden-Powell and the successors of his pedagogics. In the article I respond to the question, to what extent does contemporary pedagogical thought refer to the phenomenon of scout movement education? Can we speak of the pedagogy of scouting or rather of scouting pedagogics? These issues cannot be solved solely on the level of normative models if one would not reach to former studies without indicating the necessity of conducting a scientific turn in this regard.
9
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EN
The article is an attempt to describe the literary genealogy of the cultural transformations of the role of a father and the relation father-son in the 19th century. The key role of literature in the modern liberal education allows us to see in this discourse the power which has conserved, violated and transformed this group of stereotypes of masculinity. The writer who exerted the greatest influence on the building of the attractive models of a man and a boy in the Polish culture was Henryk Sienkiewicz. The reading of these issues in his work brings the observations which immensely complicate the conventional images of masculinity or the relation fatherson in the 19th century culture.
EN
Jaroslav Foglar (1907–1999, nicknamed „Jestřáb“ — „Hawk“) was a Czech scoutmaster and a prolific and influential author of novels, short stories, comics and practical guides for the youth. The article discusses motifs in his work and life that were influenced by contemporary folklore, Zeitungssagen, forteana and other similar genres. While Foglar was not an author of fantastic or supernatural prose and was strongly inclined to keep a skeptical stance in this manner, he was also able to successfully build an atmosphere of mystery in his literal works using aforementioned genres as an inspiration. Key topics discussed in the paper are roles and importance of staged hauntings in Foglar’s scout troop, appearance of various urban phantoms in his works and Foglar’s take on the story of disappearance of Charles Ashmore/Oliver Lerch/Olivier Thomas. These examples are further discussed in the context of scouts’ folklore, campfire legends and popular culture of the 20th century
11
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EN
In 1918, Poland after 123 years of foreign rule regained its independence. The country was recreated from three partitions. The process of restoring the statehood came across numerous problems: war damage, lack of political structures, or of one, unified legislation or education system. The situation was further complicated by the global economic crisis. The new authorities were aware that the issue of education and upbringing was a priority. The Salesians who had been present in Polish lands since 1898, actively participated in the reconstruction of the young country. They formed secondary school education, vocational schools and orphanages. One of the forms of youth work was scouting. The Salesians supported this form and were involved in organizing and running scout squads.
PL
W 1918 r. Polska po 123 latach niewoli odzyskała niepodległość. Kraj powstał z trzech zaborów. Proces odbudowywania państwowości napotykał liczne problemy: brak struktur politycznych, zniszczenia wojenne, różne prawodawstwo, brak jednego systemu szkolnictwa. Sytuacje komplikował ponadto ogólnoświatowy kryzys ekonomiczny. Nowa władza zdawała sobie sprawę, że kwestia szkolnictwa i wychowania należy do priorytetowych. W proces odbudowy młodego kraju czynnie włączyli się salezjanie, którzy byli obecni na ziemiach polskich od 1898 r. Tworzyli szkolnictwo ogólnokształcące, szkoły zawodowe i sierocińce. Jedną z form pracy z młodzieżą było harcerstwo. Salezjanie formę tę wspierali i angażowali się w organizowanie i prowadzenie drużyn harcerskich.
EN
This article looks at Scouting from the perspective of J. Burghauser (1921–1997), the well-known musicologist and composer, using his personal diaries from the 1940–1945 period, written in Ancient Greek and as yet unstudied. As such, the article presents these unique recollections to the general public for the first time. The focus of attention is given over to the running of the 2nd Prague Scout Troop, which even after the banning of the Scouts in autumn 1940, continued as an undercover scout troop in various structures up until May 1945. During this time, Burghauser helped troop head Jaroslav Foglar as his deputy. The article concludes with a discussion of the possible motives for Burghauser to use Ancient Greek in his diary entries, coming to a position that rather than an attempt at masking the undercover scouting activities, the diary author was instead attempting to improve his personal language skills in a language whose culture, in particular Ancient Greece, he had considerable respect for.
PL
Artykuł prezentuje osobę grodziskiego harcerza i społecznika Łucjana Jankowskiego urodzonego w 1901 roku w Poznaniu. W tekście ukazane zostały także losy grodziskiego harcerstwa w latach 1945-1949. Podobnie jak w całym kraju również i na terenie Grodziska Wielkopolskiego harcerze oraz harcerki płacili wysoką cenę za udział w tworzeniu ZHP a później za działalność w nim w drugiej połowie lat 40. XX wieku. Jednym z prześladowanych przez funkcjonariuszy aparatu bezpieczeństwa był Ł. Jankowski, który w okresie 1946-1949 pełnił funkcję Hufcowego Powiatowego Hufca Harcerzy w Grodzisku Wielkopolskim. Za swoją działalność harcerską doświadczył ze strony funkcjonariuszy aparatu bezpieczeństwa różnego rodzaju represji między innymi wielomiesięcznego aresztu połączonego z przesłuchaniami a po jego opuszczeniu utraty stanowiska prezesa Spółdzielni Spożywców „Zgoda”. W toku śledztwa zarzucono mu także przynależność do konspiracyjnej organizacji. Z powodu braku dostatecznych dowodów śledztwo wobec Ł. Jankowskiego zostało umorzone. Opuszczenie w 1952 roku aresztu nie zakończyło jednak represji prowadzonych przez aparat bezpieczeństwa. Powyższe szykany stały się przyczyną wylewu krwi do mózgu, co doprowadziło do śmierci 21 lutego 1958 roku. Pogrzeb Ł. Jankowskiego stał się ważnym wydarzeniem, w którym uczestniczyła liczna rzesza mieszkańców Grodziska Wielkopolskiego w tym znaczna grupa harcerzy.
EN
This paper introduces a person from Grodzisk, a scout and social activist Łucjan Jankowski who was born in 1901 in Poznań. The text also presents the lot of scouting in Grodzisk in the years 1945-1949. In Grodzisk Wielkopolski, like in the rest of the country, Boy and Girl Scouts paid a high price for their participation in the creation of the Polish Scouting Association (Polish abbr. ZHP) as well as for the activity in ZHP in the second half of the 40s of the twentieth century. One of the persecuted by the security apparatus officers was Ł. Jankowski, who in the years 1946-1949 served as a Troop Leader of District Scout Troop in Grodzisk Wielkopolski. For his scouting activity Jankowski was subjected to various kinds of repression on the part of the security apparatus officers, including many months of custody interrogation. After being released, he was deprived of the post of president of the Consumer Cooperative “Zgoda”. In the course of the investigation, he was accused of belonging to a clandestine organization. Due to the lack of sufficient evidence investigation against Jankowski was discontinued. Leaving prison in 1952 did not end the repression carried out by the security apparatus. This harassment led to a stroke, which resulted in death on 21 February 1958. Burial of Ł. Jankowski was an event of great importance, attended by a numerous crowd of inhabitants of Grodzisk Wielkopolski including a large group of scouts.
RU
В статье представлен анализ указанного в заглавии романа Пищеблок Алексея Иванова. В тексте обращается внимание на использование Ивановым мотива вампиризма, который автор рассматривает как метафору власти и ее молодежь. Пионерское движение как опыт поколений представляет Иванов через призму ностальгии детских воспоминаний, но и агитационной деятельности пионерской организации. В статье подчеркнуты также черты творчества Иванова и коротко представлена его творческая деятельность.
EN
The main subject of this article is an analysis of the novel Пищеблок. The author of the article gives special attention to the theme of vampirism, used by Ivanov as a metaphor for the authoritarian Soviet system and its influence on citizens of the USRR, especially on scouts. Scouting can be described as a generational experience of the inhabitants of the Soviet Union. To present scouting in the USRR, the writer recreates the nostalgia of childhood, describing in the process the political and propagandistic aspects of scouting. The article also presents literary production of Ivanov.
EN
The article aims to commemorate Zofia Florczak (1912-1996), a teacher with a Ph.D. in Polish philology, a scoutmaster, the last chief of the Polish Scouting Association for Girls before it was taken over and dissolved by the communist authorities. In 1954 she started working at the Institute of Literary Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, the Laboratory of Theoretical Poetics and Literary Language. She is the author of studies of the history of female scouting, researcher of the history of linguistics, and the author of valuable works in this field. The aim of the paper is also to present the legacy of Z. Florczak, preserved in the special collection of the Alfons Parczewski Pedagogical Library in Kalisz. Her heritage consists of workshop materials, notes, typescripts of her works, correspondence, as well as other materials related to her interests and scientific activity.
EN
The aim of this article is to describe the process of emancipation in scouting and civic education in the scouting education of girls/women/scouts in Poland until 1921. The year 1921 is crucial as it closes the issue of gaining some rights by women in Poland (suffrage) and straightens up national issues - Poland regains independence and the struggle for its borders ends, scouting unites. The article shows what role the path of independence and emancipation and, above all, civic and scouting education played in the life of girl scouts. The text answers the question to what extent the imperative “to speak and act” reflecting emancipatory and civic competences is reflected in the history of Polish girl scouting (until 1921).
PL
Celem artykułu jest opisanie procesu emancypacji w skautingu oraz edukacji obywatelskiej w wychowaniu skautowym dziewcząt/kobiet/skautek na ziemiach polskich do 1921 roku. Rok 1921 jest kluczowy, bo zamyka kwestię wywalczenia przez kobiety w Polsce części praw (prawa wyborcze) oraz prostuje sprawy narodowe – Polska odzyskuje niepodległość i kończą się walki o jej granice, jednoczy się harcerstwo. W artykule pokazano, jaką rolę w życiu skautek odegrały ścieżka samodzielności i emancypowania, a przede wszystkim edukacja obywatelska i wychowanie skautowe. Tekst odpowiada na pytanie, na ile imperatyw „mówić i działać” odzwierciedlający kompetencje emancypacyjne i obywatelskie znajduje odzwierciedlenie w historii skautingu żeńskiego na ziemiach polskich (do 1921 roku).
EN
The aim of the text is to characterise Operation 1001 Frombork as a system in which management, participation and action formed a unique pattern. It was filled with elements such as construction works, the attractiveness of holiday time, the cognitive value related to astronomy and history, the social value of scouting and community ties within the organisation. It also encompassed insufficient supplies and ineffective work organisation, disruptions in communication with the local community, as well as a certain semblance of action and superficial implementation of scouting tasks. The text was created based on the analysis of archival documents, journals, memoirs and propaganda materials regarding Operation 1001 Frombork.
PL
Celem tekstu jest charakterystyka Operacji 1001 Frombork jako systemu, w którym zarządzanie, uczestnictwo i działanie utworzyły specyficzny wzór. Wypełniały go takie elementy jak prace budowlane, atrakcyjność czasu wakacji, poznawcza wartość związana z astronomią i historią, społeczna wartość harcerstwa i więzi wspólnotowych w organizacji. Należały do niego także niewystarczające zaopatrzenie i niesprawność organizacji pracy, zakłócenia w komunikacji ze społecznością lokalną oraz pewna pozorność działania i powierzchowne realizowanie zadań harcerskich. Tekst powstał na podstawie analizy zawartości dokumentów archiwalnych, materiałów publicystycznych, wspomnieniowych i propagandowych, dotyczących Operacji 1001 Frombork.
PL
Ruch skautowy i harcerski charakteryzuje możliwość spotkania i współpracy osób wywodzących się z różnych środowisk i kultur. Naturalną rzeczą jest w nim codzienna konfrontacja z Innością/Obcością w warunkach zróżnicowania kulturowego oraz podejmowanie różnych form aktywności edukacyjnej opartej na idei międzykulturowości. Od chwili powstania swej organizacji skauci i harcerze realizowali zadania wpisujące się we współczesne rozumienie edukacji międzykulturowej, oparte na ogólnych zasadach Prawa skautowego, które zakładają szacunek do innych i współpracę z nimi w duchu braterstwa, solidarności i tolerancji. W komunikacie z badań zostały przedstawione cząstkowe wyniki realizacji projektu badawczego poświęconego treściom nawiązującym do idei międzykulturowości oraz edukacji w warunkach zróżnicowania kulturowego, występującym w opracowaniach programowych ruchu skautowego i harcerskiego. Badania te stanowią przyczynek do historycznego nurtu pedagogiki międzykulturowej oraz historii wychowania w kontekście założeń ideowych i działalności organizacji dzieci i młodzieży. Artykuł zawiera opis wykorzystanych kategorii pojęciowych, charakterystykę prekursorów oraz współczesnego ruchu skautowego i harcerskiego. W układzie chronologicznym został w nim przedstawiony wybór przykładów treści skautowych i harcerskich opracowań programowych, które wiążą się z ideą międzykulturowości i edukacji międzykulturowej.
EN
The Scout and Polish Scouting movement is characterized by the possibility of meeting and cooperation of people from different backgrounds and cultures. A natural thing for this social movement is daily confrontation with Otherness/ Alienness in conditions of cultural diversity and undertaking various forms of educational activity based on the idea of interculturalism. The study presents some partial results of a research project devoted to the content referring to the idea of interculturalism and education in the conditions of cultural diversity, present in the program studies of the scouting movement. These studies contribute to the historical trend of intercultural pedagogy and the history of education in the context of ideological assumptions and activities of children and youth organizations. The article contains a description of the applied conceptual categories and the characteristics of the precursors and the contemporary scouting movement. In a chronological order, it presents a selection of examples of the content of scouting program studies that are related to the idea of interculturalism and intercultural education.
EN
This study deals primarily with the question:„Which punishment and rewards are used by contemporary Czech scout guides?“. Our goal was to find out if there is any scout group, where no punishment and rewards are being used and on the other hand, if there is any scout group, which strictly sticks to the old tradition of upbringing methods. Other goals are to verify: if the upbringing methods used by scout guides changed anyhow in time, if the system of upbringing methods influences the relationship between guides and children and if there is any difference between perceiving rewards and punishment by children and by guides. The research attended 131 volunteers from 14 scout groups, thereof 11 were the terrestrial scout groups, the rest of them were water scouts. I chose the method of a qualitative questionnaire, which was created on the basis of previous interview, used in the pilot study. After filling out the questionnaires, there was also a thematic discussion involving all members of the particular groups. 18 volunteers filled out an on-line form of questionnaire, without following discussion. The results show that there is a big difference between the upbringing methods used by various Czech scout guides. The research revealed two scout groups, guides of which use the alternative upbringing methods, based on respectful access to children. This means that systems like that can work in scout groups, but we find making this big change of access to children very hard, because of the socio-historical context of our country. The other results say that the system of raising methods does influence the relationship between a guide and a child. The majority of Czech scout groups have changed these methods in accordance with development of education in society.
CS
Studie se v první řadě zabývá otázkou, jaké tresty a odměny jsou v současnosti používány ve skautských oddílech. Zajímalo nás, zda se mezi českými oddíly najdou takové, které tresty a odměny ze svého repertoáru zcela vyřadily a naopak, zda existují oddíly, které se důsledně drží tradičních výchovných metod. Dále se ptáme, zda samotní vedoucí vnímají změnu ve výchovné motivaci v oddílech, kde prožili své dětství a kde nyní působí. Výzkum se zabývá také otázkou, zda děti a vedoucí z jednoho oddílu vnímají výchovné prostředky stejně nebo rozdílně. Konečně se snažíme odpovědět na to, zda systém výchovných prostředků ovlivňuje vztah mezi vedoucím a dítětem. Výzkumu se zúčastnilo celkem 131 probandů ze 14 skautských oddílů, z toho 3 oddíly byly vodní, 11 oddílů pěších. Data byla sesbírána formou nově vytvořeného kvalitativního dotazníku, který vycházel z již dříve uskutečněných semistrukturovaných rozhovorů na stejné téma. Po vyplnění dotazníků následovala ještě diskuse všech zúčastněných členů jednotlivých oddílů. Aby bylo sbírání dat efektivnější, byl použit také on-line dotazník, který vyplnilo 18 probandů. U těchto účastníků nedošlo k následné diskusi. Výsledky ukazují, že ve volbě výchovných prostředků se české skautské oddíly diametrálně odlišují. Existují oddíly, používající tvrdé tresty i oddíly, které tresty záměrně nepoužívají. V oblasti odměn jsou si oddíly více podobny, avšak rozdílný bývá účel, který má odměna plnit. Dle výzkumu existují v naší republice minimálně dva oddíly, kde již funguje poměrně nový „respektující přístup“, přijetí podobného přístupu je však velmi náročné a v rámci organizace, jakou je Český skaut, má prozatím své meze.
EN
This article is an original text, groundbreaking in the literature of the subject, presenting the biography of Kazimiera Jagniewska (1915-1941), a scout and teacher of Polish. Jagniewska was a student of the Queen Jadwiga National Girls’ Middle School in Lviv, where she joined the XI Lviv Team of the Polish Scouting Association. She performed the functions of patrol leader, team aide and team leader in the Association. She published her first literary texts in a school paper „Ogniwo” and in a scouts’ periodical „Skrzydła”. After graduating from high school (1934), she studied Polish philology at the Jan Kazimierz Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Lviv (1934-1939). In the summer of 1939, she completed her sudies without graduation and was in the process of preparing her thesis, but she could not obtain a master’s degree due to the outbreak of World War II. She also began a course to becoe a scoutmaster in 1939. She has written a „Diary of a Wanderer” [Dzienniczek Wędrowniczki], which is an invaluable source of knowledge on the history of Lviv scouts. In the Armenian Cathedral her patrol listened to sermons of Father Jan Bogdanowicz. On February 19, 1937 she appeared with her Girl Guide patrol at the Polish Radio in Lviv in the broadcast Youth of Lviv in Front of the Microphone with a radio play „Girl Guide”. She organized summer and winter camps (Duszatyn, Łomna, Skole, Tarnawka and Ustrzyki in the Bieszczady Mountains, Kazimierz on the Vistula River and Worochta in the Eastern Carpathians). She participated in jointly organized camps of Polish and Romanian Girl Guides (around 1937-1939). She became friends with a Romanian scout – Simona Calargi. A group of Girl Guides from Romania visited Poland and went to Vilnius, Lviv and Troki in the summer of 1937. With Polish Girl Guides she participated in trips to Romania, visiting the city of Bucharest (Bucureşti), Sinaia, Brasov and Chernivtsi. Along with Lviv Girl Guides in Bucharest she was invited by the queen mother Mary Alexandra Victoria Sachen-Coburg-Gotha, and their camp in Predal was visited by the royal aide Major Sidorowicz. She was also a member of the Association of Academic All-Polish Youth, and in her views were silimar to that of national organizations. Communism and anti-Semitism were alien to her. This article attempts to characterize Jagniewska’s personality and her system of values. After the Soviet aggression against Poland (1939), she participated in the defense of Lviv in the Polish auxiliary service, among other places at the Technical University of Lviv. During the occupation by Soviet Russia (1939-1941) she worked in the Polish scout conspiracy in Lviv. On June 24 or 25, 1941, she was arrested by the Soviet NKVD, imprisoned, interrogated on suspicion of belonging to the „Armed Polish Scouting Association”. NKVD also falsely accused her of spying for the Germans. She was shot on June 28, 1941 in Lviv in NKVD prison at Łącki Street. She was buried in the Janowski cemetery.
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