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The secular state in the context of the contemporary European constitutionalism

100%
Borecki P.
Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review
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2016
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vol. 6
174-191
PL
In today’s Europe the secular state dominates. Disseminating the principles of the secular state in Europe promotes the diversity of religious and philosophical populations. The principle of the secular state no longer serves to reduce the social significance of religion or religious organizations. A way of expressing the principle of secularism in constitutional acts is diverse – it is often necessary for complex analysis of the content of the constitution. The principle of the secular state is expressed in the constitutions of approximately 14% of European countries. State Secularism is often equated with the principle of separation of church and state. In Europe, however, there are examples of countries that are exceptions to this rule. In total, the formal separation of church and state is expressed in approximately 25% of the constitutions of European countries. Often the principle of this separation in the Basic Law is expressed in a veiled manner. The most important feature of a secular state is considered to be the modern principle of neutrality. However, it is rarely explicitly expressed in the Basic Law in Europe. Its spread was mostly driven by the constitutional court decisions and statements of the doctrine of the law.
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Wolność sumienia, religii i światopoglądu w niemieckim i amerykańskim prawie pracy — wybrane przykłady regulacji prawnych i orzecznictwa

85%
Malicka A., Tuora-Schwierskott E.
Przegląd Sejmowy
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2014
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issue 2(121)
77-88
EN
Freedom of conscience and religion also applies to confl icts in the workplace. In the Federal Republic of Germany and the U.S. legislation and the jurisprudence have developed certain standards of conduct in such cases. In the German system, the issue of conscience in the workplace is governed by the principle of pacta sunt servanda (agreements must be kept) enshrined in the Civil Code (BGB). In the United States the freedom of conscience and religion is guaranteed by the provisions of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act l964. In such cases, the duty of the employer is to examine the confl icting interests of employer and employee, and to consider whether the resulting confl ict can be resolved without harm to the company. Such confl icts usually occur when the time of work coincides with e.g. the time of prayer or religious holidays of the employee. In such a situation, the employer is obliged to examine and change the workplace organization, so as to enable the employee to carry out his/her obligations under religious law. Only when it is impossible to reconcile the confl icting interests of the employee and the employer, that the interest of the employer prevails over the interest of the employee. In Germany and the United States courts in their judgments have developed precise rules for the interpretation of freedom of conscience and religion under labour law, having regard to the rights of the employee and the employer’s interest. These judgments have become the benchmark for resolving disputes arising out of violations of freedom of conscience, religion or belief, and may also affect the legislation of other countries.
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Stosunki państwo-kościół w propozycjach Parlamentarnej Grupy Kobiet w debacie konstytucyjnej z lat 1993–1997

85%
Waniek D.
Studia Politologiczne
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2016
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vol. 41
300-318
EN
contribution of progressive-minded female parlamentarians in the struggle for a secular democratic rule of law as well as for equality inscribed in Polish contitution. The author recalls propositions of political solutions in the field of church-state relations, presented during contitutional debate in the yers 1993–1997 by the Parliamentary Women`s Group, who were a group of leftist female politicians. The Group referred to the achievements of Polish women figting for emancipation at the beginning of the 20th century and the social model of the Enlightenment.
4
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Konstytucyjność aktów ceremonialnego deizmu w świetle orzecznictwa sądów USA

71%
Maroń G.
Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego
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2017
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issue 3 (37)
31-51
PL
W artykule przybliżono i poddano ocenie wypracowaną w amerykańskiej jurysprudencji i judykaturze koncepcję ceremonialnego deizmu. Tytułowe pojęcie obejmuje jedną z kategorii aktów odwoływania się władz publicznych do Boga i religii, np. narodowe motto „W Bogu pokładamy ufność” czy słowa „jeden Naród, a nad nim Bóg” w rocie ślubowania wierności fladze państwowej. Sądy w USA uznają akty ceremonialnego deizmu jako zgodne z konstytucyjną zasadą rozdziału kościoła od państwa ze względu na to, iż postrzega się je jako pozbawione religijnego znaczenia (teza sekularyzacji), nieposiadające wyznaniowej natury, realizujące świeckie cele, wsparte tradycją i historią państwa i narodu, powszechne oraz społecznie niekontrowersyjne. W ocenie autora niniejsze rozumienie ceremonialnego deizmu wymaga korekty. Postuluje on odrzucić tezę sekularyzacji i wymóg niewyznaniowej natury aktu. Przekonuje, iż akty władzy odwołujące się do Boga są zgodne z Establishment Clause, gdy jednocześnie realizują doniosłe świeckie cele, nie mają charakteru dewocyjnego oraz stanowią świadectwo historii i tradycji danego państwa. Kryteria powszechności i niekontrowersyjności powinny natomiast, ze względu na ich wysoce ocenny i subiektywny charakter, pełnić jedynie pomocniczą rolę w weryfikacji legalności aktu prima facie religijnej ekspresji władzy publicznej. Koncepcja ceremonialnego deizmu właściwie rozumiana może stanowić – także poza Stanami Zjednoczonymi – wartościowe narzędzie do oceny konstytucyjności działań państwa.
EN
The paper deals with the notion of ceremonial deism, as it is understood in U.S. case law and jurisprudence. This term describes on kind of the government’s acts of symbolic references to God or religion, for example words „under God” in Pledge of Allegiance or the national motto – „In God We Trust”. American courts hold that particular forms of ceremonial deism are in accordance with the Establishment Clause due to their lack of a religious meaning (secularization thesis), nonsectarian nature, secular aims, historicity, ubiquity and non-controversiality. In the Author’s view, the above mentioned understanding of ceremonial deism is not fully proper. He calls on the rejection of secularization thesis and premise of non-sectarian nature. According to him, the public authorities’ acts of religious references are compliant with the Constitution when they perform significant secular aims, they do not have a devotional character and they constitute a testimony to the history and tradition of a particular country and its citizens. The criteria of ubiquity and non-controversiality may, due to its highly evaluative and subjective character, serve only a supportive role within the verification of the legality of a prima facie religious expression acts of the state. Theory of ceremonial deism, being understood properly, may constitute a valuable tool to evaluate the constitutionality of the public authority’s actions, also outside the United States.
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Fundamentalne zasady instytucjonalnych relacji państwa z kościołami i innymi związkami wyznaniowymi w świetle art. 25 Konstytucji RP z 1997 r.

71%
Tabak A.
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio G (Ius)
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2018
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vol. 65
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issue 2
EN
The Article 25 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland from 1997 includes the most essential principles which regulate institutional relations between state and churches and other denominations. The first paragraph of this Article includes the rule of equal rights of churches and other religious organizations. The second paragraph introduces impartiality of public authorities in relation to religious, philosophical and ideological beliefs, but also ensures freedom of expression of them in public life. The third paragraph determines the rule of autonomy and mutual independence, but the Constitution indicates that state and religious organizations should cooperate with each other for common good and individual good. Furthermore, the relations between the Republic of Poland and the Roman Catholic Church are determined by international treaty (the concordat) concluded with the Holy See, and by statute. Whereas the relations between the Republic of Poland and other churches and religious organizations are determined by statutes adopted pursuant to agreements concluded between their appropriate representatives and the Council of Ministers. To summarize, the Republic of Poland is secular state. Polish model of separation of church and state is named friendly (coordinated) separation in which religious organizations take part in public life as impartial participants of the civil society.
PL
Podstawowe zasady relacji między państwem a kościołami i innymi związkami wyznaniowymi zostały wpisane do Konstytucji Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z 1997 r. w art. 25. Obejmują one: 1) zasadę równouprawnienia związków wyznaniowych, 2) zasadę bezstronności organów władzy publicznej wobec przekonań religijnych, światopoglądowych i filozoficznych przy jednoczesnym zapewnieniu swobody ich uzewnętrzniania w życiu publicznym, 3) zasadę poszanowania autonomii i niezależności państwa i związków wyznaniowych, każdego w swoim zakresie, oraz ich współdziałania dla dobra wspólnego i dobra człowieka, 4) zasadę regulacji stosunków między państwem a Kościołem katolickim w formie umowy międzynarodowej ze Stolicą Apostolską (konkordat), natomiast między państwem a innymi związkami wyznaniowymi w formie ustaw uchwalonych na podstawie umów wynegocjowanych przez rząd z przedstawicielami tych związków. Analiza przepisów regulujących materię wyznaniową – zarówno tych zawartych w ustawie zasadniczej, jak i w aktach rangi ustawowej – prowadzi do wniosku, iż w Polsce mamy do czynienia z rozdziałem państwa od kościoła w formie tzw. separacji przyjaznej (skoordynowanej), zgodnie z którą kościoły i inne związki wyznaniowe są niezależnymi podmiotami uczestniczącymi w życiu społeczeństwa obywatelskiego.
6
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Państwo laickie w świetle dorobku współczesnego konstytucjonalizmu europejskiego

71%
Borecki P.
Studia Iuridica
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2016
|
vol. 66
41-60
PL
Today’s Europe is dominated by secular states. The principles of secular state in Europe are promoted by the diversity of religious and philosophical population, especially by the large percentage of the population of non-believers. The contemporary principle of secular state serves no longer to reduce the social significance of religion or religious organizations. Secular states frequently interact with religious organizations for general public scopes. A way of expressing the principle of secularism in constitutional acts is diversified – often it is necessary a complex analysis of the content of the constitution. The principle of secular state is directly expressed in Europe in the constitutions of approximately 14% of countries. State Secularism is frequently equated with the principle of separation between church and state. In Europe, however, there are countries that are exceptions to this rule. In total the formula of the separation between church and state is expressed in approximately 25% of European constitutions. Often this principle is expressed in the constitutions in a veiled form. As the most important feature of a secular state is considered the principle of the neutrality of the worldview. However, it is rarely explicitly expressed in the European constitutions. It spread rather by the constitutional court decisions and the statements of legal doctrine.
7

Państwo laickie w świetle dorobku współczesnego konstytucjonalizmu europejskiego

71%
Borecki P.
Studia Iuridica
|
2016
|
vol. 66
41-60
PL
Today’s Europe is dominated by secular states. The principles of secular state in Europe are promoted by the diversity of religious and philosophical population, especially by the large percentage of the population of non-believers. The contemporary principle of secular state serves no longer to reduce the social significance of religion or religious organizations. Secular states frequently interact with religious organizations for general public scopes. A way of expressing the principle of secularism in constitutional acts is diversified – often it is necessary a complex analysis of the content of the constitution. The principle of secular state is directly expressed in Europe in the constitutions of approximately 14% of countries. State Secularism is frequently equated with the principle of separation between church and state. In Europe, however, there are countries that are exceptions to this rule. In total the formula of the separation between church and state is expressed in approximately 25% of European constitutions. Often this principle is expressed in the constitutions in a veiled form. As the most important feature of a secular state is considered the principle of the neutrality of the worldview. However, it is rarely explicitly expressed in the European constitutions. It spread rather by the constitutional court decisions and the statements of legal doctrine.
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