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„Proszę, by wszystkim moim domownikom wypłacono gaże i pensje…” – odprawa dla służby i spłata długów Armanda de Bourbon, księcia de Conti po jego śmierci

100%
Skrzypietz A.
Studia Europaea Gnesnensia
|
2018
|
issue 18
227-245
EN
The article discusses the testamentary bequests and the attached instructions which Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti, cousin of Louis XIV younger brother of the Great Condé, made in view of the approaching death for the benefit of people of his household. In his young years, he rebelled against his father, who had intended him for the clergy, and then against the king, becoming one of the most active leaders of the Fronde. Ultimately, he became reconciled with the monarch, which he achieved through marriage with the niece of Cardinal Mazarin, Anna Maria Martinozzi. Having associated himself with the Jansenists, he adopted the principles of moral rigour. In his last will, the prince apologized to the people around him for the grievous example he had set as a rebel, and provided for a part of his servants in separate bequests. The documents in question are concerned chiefly with those domestics of the prince who upon his death had to leave his household, as well as with the various settlements made by the widow during the months following her husband’s departure. The accounts reveal how Armand de Bourbon remunerated his servants and how he, as well as his wife, sought to ensure further welfare of people once employed at their court and had to be dismissed upon the prince’s death. This involved paying outstanding compensation for their service and settlements of potential debts. This may be inferred to have been due to changes in the organization of the household, but also interpreted as an act for the peace of prince’s soul and due execution of his last will, in which he called for all his liabilities to be settled.
PL
The article presents the settlements and household accounts following the death of Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti, as well as testamentary and pre-mortem bequests the prince made to provide for his servants. Surviving documents show the decision taken by the executors of the last will, while the books reveal ambiguous, sometimes astonishing variation of amounts designated as wages and lifetime stipends for the prince’s domestics, as well as attest to the concern of the testator himself and his wife for the fates of people engaged in the household.
2
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Wielkość rodziny i gospodarstwa domowego w miastach południowej Małopolski w XVII i XVIII wieku

87%
Miodunka P.
Przeszłość Demograficzna Polski
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2015
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vol. 37
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issue 2
129-147
EN
The article presents the question of an average size of the biological family, the household, and an average population of a house in smaller towns of Southern Lesser Poland, and from 1772 the western part of Galicia. The presented problems have been researched on the basis of narrative sources (municipal court’s registers) and quantitative sources (inventories, military conscription lists, parish registers). The author has also used the method of family reconstruction (Wojnicz); and confirmed that the desired model of the family was a simple family, which is visible in young married couples’ aspirations for independence, as well as older parents’ aspirations for providing sufficient income to survive after making over their real property. A biological family was usually composed of 4 people. Not much bigger were the Old Polish burgher households, which were composed of 4.5–5 people on average in Christian families and about four in the Jewish ones. What is more, those households were clearly smaller than the peasant ones, but the houses in smaller towns more frequently than in the country were occupied by more than one household. Servants were common in households and lodgers in houses.
3

Trzy figury służącego w Lalce Bolesława Prusa

87%
Czachorowska M.
Prace Językoznawcze
|
2020
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issue XXII/3
59–71
PL
Bolesław Prus wypracował w Lalce trzy sposoby przedstawiania i opowiadania o osobach drugiego planu, mimo pozornego lekceważenia znaczenia służby w życiu miasta i jego mieszkańców. Pisarz opisuje starą służbę, pozostającą tłem niewidocznym i nastawioną wyłącznie na dogadzanie zachciankom chlebodawcy, i dwa nowe typy służącego, domagające się uznania własnej podmiotowości, własnej wartości, szczególnie na tle zdegenerowanej arystokracji. Różnice te są widoczne także na poziomie językowym. Służba tradycyjna posługuje się skonwencjonalizowanym językiem, a charakterystyka postaci sprowadza się do kilku określeń przymiotnikowych, zwyczajowo stosowanych przy opisach tego typu bohatera. Służący drugiego rodzaju posługuje się zindywidualizowanym językiem. Autor częściej oddaje mu głos, więc, choć nie otrzymujemy wyczerpującego opisu bohatera, można o charakterze takiej postaci wnioskować z jej wypowiedzi. Najpełniejszy opis zyskał służący trzeciego rodzaju. Prus nie tylko scharakteryzował tę postać, ale i wyposażył ją w umiejętność posługiwania się poprawnym językiem, maniery i pewność siebie, które bardziej odpowiadają pracodawcy niż służbie. Służba w Lalce najczęściej stanowi element świata przestawionego, czasami komentuje poczynania głównych bohaterów, wyjątkowo znajduje się w centrum zainteresowania.
EN
Despite seeming disregard for the importance of servants in the life of the city and its residents, in The Doll Bolesław Prus developed three techniques of presenting these secondary characters. He showed old servants, who remained the invisible background devoted only to pleasing their masters, and two new types of servants, demanding that their identity and their own value be recognised, especially in contrast with the degenerated aristocracy. These differences are visible at the linguistic level as well. Traditional servants use conventionalized language and their presentation is reduced to some adjectival expressions customarily used in descriptions of this kind of characters. Servants of the second category use individualized language. The author gives them the floor more frequently, so although we do not receive a comprehensive description of their character, it can be concluded from their statements. Servants of the third category are presented with a most detailed description. Prus not only portrayed their personality but also equipped them with the competence to use the correct language, manners, and self-confidence. These are the features which suit more masters than their servants. Servants in The Doll are most often part of the presented world, sometimes commenting on the actions of the main characters, and really rarely placed in the center of attention.
4
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Dienerzy w służbie zakonu krzyżackiego w Prusach w drugiej połowie XIV – pierwszej połowie XV wieku. Liczebność, utrzymanie, zakwaterowanie

73%
Jóźwiak S.
Zapiski Historyczne
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2018
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vol. 83
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issue 1
7-37
EN
In the late medieval Monastic State of the Teutonic Order in Prussia dieners were people who came from knightly families (not infrequently from beyond the territory of Prussia) and were maintained by Teutonic dignitaries and officials (they were provided with accommodation, food, clothes and pay) in exchange for the diplomatic, military-knightly and courtly service (the participation in military actions, the manning of castles, transporting information, the defence of envoys and guests, the examination of the territory occupied by the enemy, the participation in corteges, etc.). In the first half of the 15th century (the available data refers only to this period of time), every high Teutonic official, commander and Vogt had even a few dozens of dieners at their disposal, except extraordinary situations such as the manning of frontier castles in Klaipėda and Dybów. In the whole territory of the Teutonic State in Prussia there might have been about 450–500 dieners at that time. The source analysis conducted here which concerned the castles in Malbork, Świecie, Elbląg and Brandenburg allow us to state that dieners were provided with the accommodation in the buildings situated in the outer wards of the castles. They were given rooms (chambers) exclusively for their use or individual rooms in infirmaries of dieners/servants. As may be inferred from the relatively numerous sources in the Malbork castle they were accommodated on the ground floor in the southern part of the eastern wing of the first internal ward, in the infirmaries next to the Church of St. Lawrence (the southern wing of the first internal ward). In Konigsberg the solution was quite exceptional. Dieners residing there were allowed to have their residential space within the outer wards of the castle (which cannot be proved), but the infirmary where they resided was situated in the territory of the so called wolnizna [Burgfreihei], in the north of the north-east part of the outer ward.
DE
Im spätmittelalterlichen Staat des Deutschen Ordens in Preußen waren Diener zumeist Personen, die aus Ritterfamilien stammten (häufig auch von außerhalb dieses Territoriums) und die von Gebietigern und Amtsträgern aus dem Orden unterhalten wurden (Unterkunft, Verpflegung, Kleidung, Bezahlung). Dafür waren sie zu diplomatischem, militärisch-ritterlichem und höfischem Dienst verpflichtet (Teilnahme an Kriegshandlungen, Besatzung von Burgen, Übermittlung von Informationen, Schutz von Abgesandten und Gästen, Aufklärung in feindlichem Gebiet, Teilnahme an Gefolgszügen usw.). Insgesamt unterhielt in der 1. Hälfte des 15. Jahrhunderts (nur für diesen Zeitraum existieren Quellenangaben) abgesehen von besonderen Anlässen (Besatzung der Grenzburgen in Memel und Dibau) jeder hohe Würdenträger des Ordens, jeder Komtur und Vogt bis zu mehrere Dutzend Diener. Im gesamten Ordensstaat in Preußen könnte es damals schätzungsweise 450–500 von ihnen gegeben haben. Die hier durchgeführten Quellenanalysen zu den Ordenshäusern in Marienburg, Schwetz, Elbing oder Brandenburg lassen den Schluss zu, dass den Dienern Unterkünfte in den Gebäuden der Vorburgen zugewiesen wurden. Dabei handelte es sich um Räumlichkeiten, die ausschließlich für ihre Bedürfnisse bestimmt waren oder auch um gesonderte Innenräume für Diener und Knechte in den Krankentrakten der Burgen. Wie aus den relativ zahlreichen Quellen hervorgeht, waren sie in der Hauptfestung Marienburg im Erdgeschoss im südlichen Teil des Ostflügels der geschlossenen Bebauung der ersten, inneren Vorburg untergebracht, außerdem in den Räumlichkei- ten des Krankentrakts bei der St.-Laurentius-Kirche (südlicher Bereich der zweiten Vorburg) sowie eventuell im „Palast“ der Hochmeister (Westflügel der ersten, inneren Vorburg). Eine recht unkonventionelle Lösung lässt sich für Königsberg ermitteln. Die dort lebenden Diener können natürlich Wohnräume im Bereich der Vorburg der dortigen Festung besessen haben (was sich jedoch nicht beweisen lässt), der für sie bestimmte Krankentrakt befand sich allerdings auf einem abgabefreien Gelände der Burg, etwas nördlich vom nordöstlichen Teil der Vorburg.
5
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Wzorzec służącej propagowany na łamach katolickiego czasopisma „Przyjaciel Sług” na przełomie XIX i XX w.

58%
Morawska J.
Czasopismo Naukowe Instytutu Studiów Kobiecych
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2017
|
issue 2(3)
23-40
PL
Artykuł przygotowano opierając się na wydawanym od 1897 r. w Krakowie miesięczniku „Przyjaciel Sług”, który skierowany był do służby domowej. Przez swój katolicki charakter stał on na straży moralności adresatów, propagując jednocześnie wizerunek służącej jako osoby pracowitej, uległej i pobożnej. Ów model miał jednak charakter postulatywny, dlatego niemożliwe jest stwierdzenie, na ile znalazł on swoje odzwierciedlenie w rzeczywistości. Był on jednak odpowiedzią środowisk katolickich na dostrzegany przez nie upadek moralny tej części społeczeństwa oraz próbą pomocy młodym dziewczętom w przystosowaniu się do często nowej dla nich rzeczywistości miejskiej. Służba domowa była również grupą zawodową, która pomimo swojej powszechności wielokrotnie była niedostrzegana przez jej ówczesnych chlebodawców. Czasopismo miało stanowić więc wsparcie dla czytelniczek w codziennej pracy i w konfliktach z „Państwem”.
EN
The following article was prepared on the basis of information contained in “Przyjaciel Slug” (Servants’ Friend), a monthly magazine issued in Cracow since 1897. It was directed to housemaids and by its Catholic character, it aimed at upholding the recipient’s morality. It promoted a role model of a servant as a hard-working, compliant and devout person. However, the model had a rather wishful nature, so it is not possible to ascertain to what extent it was reflected in reality. Nonetheless, the content of the magazine was a response of Catholic backgrounds to the moral decline of that social group, and an attempt the help young girls to adapt to urban life, which was often new to them. Servants as a profession, were very common in the 19th and early 20th century, yet quite often ignored by their employers. The magazine was supposed to support readers in everyday work as well as in their conflicts with “Mr. and Mrs.”
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