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Primate Mikołaj Prażmowski and the Unwelcome Papal Legation in Poland-Lithuania (1668–69)

100%
Gregorowicz D.
Legatio: The Journal for Renaissance and Early Modern Diplomatic Studies
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2018
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issue 2
PL
The article presents the reasons for refusing to receive the papal legation of Pope Clement IX in the matter of John Casimir Vasa’s abdication (1668) and, especially, the subsequent royal election (1669), by the Catholic Primate of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Mikołaj Prażmowski. Prażmowski’s refusal to receive the legation has been overlooked in the literature on the subject so far. The author, on the basis of the diplomatic dispatches of the apostolic nuncios and on their instructions, will analyse the problematic relations of Prażmowski with papal diplomats, and explain why the papal legation ended in fiasco. The researcher concludes that the fiasco of papal legation was another clear indication of the Papacy’s lack of sufficient leverage in the post-Westphalian world, as it was fundamentally weakened by the deep divisions between the Catholic powers of France and the Habsburgs, which Westphalia had signally failed to resolve. Nowhere was this more apparent than in Poland-Lithuania, where the battle between Catholic supporters of the Habsburgs and France over the succession had profoundly divided the republic.
2
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Dwa czy trzy? W kwestii liczby wydań wielkiej mapy Pomorza Eilharda Lubinusa

100%
Skrycki R.
Zapiski Historyczne
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2020
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vol. 85
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issue 3
129-139
EN
According to the scholarly literature on the cartography of the former Duchy of Pomerania, the map of this region prepared by Eilhard Lubinus, a scholar from the University of Rostock, had two editions: the first from 1618 and the second from 1758. This article presents a more detailed analysis of the preserved documents relevant for this topic: the correspondence of the author of the map and his patron, the Duke of Pomerania Philip II, as well as subsequent letters concerning the inheritance after Lubinus’s death. This investigation allowed to put forward a hypothesis that there were actually three editions. Apart from the two editions mentioned above, one more from the turn of 1620, financed by Lubinus himself, should be added. This conclusion is enhanced by the results of research carried out during conservation works on a copy of the map currently stored in the Main Library of the University of Szczecin. The research revealed that the paper used to print the map came neither from the paper mill of Pomeranian dukes, as in the 1618 edition, nor from the paper mill of Joseph Anton Unold of Wolfegg, as in the 1758 edition.
3
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„Freundtschafft die auch nach dem Tod wart”. Daniel Gödtke, Gerard Blaes i zootomia

100%
Pękacka-Falkowska K.
Zapiski Historyczne
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2020
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vol. 85
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issue 1
51-90
EN
The case study article aims to reconstruct the biography of Daniel Gödtke (1640/41 – after 1674), a doctor of philosophy and medicine from Gdansk and to analyse the specific nature and scope of his studies in the United Provinces of the Netherlands, so that it can be explained what impact study visits in academic centres had on students from the semiperipheral European countries. The article makes use of the inductive, philological, genealogical and comparative methods; evidential paradigm was also used. In the 1650s, 1660s and 1670s, the inhabitants of Royal Prussia willingly took up medical studies at Dutch universities and studied in academic gymnasia there. Leiden, Amsterdam and other places in the Northern Netherlands, which were home for famous anatomists, surgeons, lithotomists, chymiatrists, collectors and botanists, were also important stops en route of young students of ars medica from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, mainly Protestants, who later became graduates of French, Swiss or German universities. Daniel Gödtke, the half-brother of the painter Daniel Schultz the Younger, was one of the seventeenth-century doctors of philosophy and medicine from Gdansk who has been forgotten by contemporary history. He studied at the University of Leiden and the Athenaeum Illustre of Amsterdam, and in 1671 graduated from the University of Harderwijk; his inaugural dispute focused on practical medicine. His most influential teacher during his stay in the Northern Netherlands was Gerard Blaes, a famous anatomist and chymiatrist, who supervised Gödtke when he conducted his zootomy research. The cooperation between the student and the master resulted in two exercitii gratia disputes presented by Gödtke in Amsterdam in 1666, as well as two volumes of anatomical observations conducted by the collegium privatum Amstelodamense (1667 and 1674), where Gödtke was a member and a participant. The promising scientific career of Gödtke was interrupted before his return to his hometown, most probably due to his premature death.
4
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Skład i liczebność armii litewskiej podczas wojny z Turcją w latach 1683–1686

100%
Bobiatyński K.
Zapiski Historyczne
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2021
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vol. 86
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issue 1
29-55
EN
A historiography devoted to the reign of King John III Sobieski has so far lacked a detailed study on the Lithuanian army during the war with Turkey in 1683–1699. This article partially fills this gap as it precisely reconstructs the composition and numbers of the Lithuanian army in 1683–1686, i.e. during the expedition to Slovakia (1683), the campaigns in Zhvanets (1684) and Bukovina (1685), and military operations in Moldova (1686). Primary sources used for the article included treasury records, which are currently stored in Vilnius, i.e. reports of the Grand Treasurer of Lithuania, Benedict Paweł Sapieha, submitted at General Sejms in 1685 and 1689, as well as a short document that contains data from muster rolls of the 1680s. The records of the Grand Treasurer of Lithuania contain detailed lists of all Lithuanian military units which were part of the mercenary army and data on their numbers during the eight quarters of military service between 1683 and 1686. This material can be used for in-depth studies on the careers of military officers at that time, as well as the patronclient relationships between hetmans and their subordinates. The article also analyses the actions of the hetmans Kazimierz Jan Sapieha and Józef Bogusław Słuszko, whose aim was to strengthen the position of the Sapieha family and the royalist party, respectively, among soldiers and commanders.
5
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Dwadzieścia lat później. Datacja „urbarza cieszyńskiego z 1621 r.”

100%
Morys-Twarowski M.
Studia Źródłoznawcze. Commentationes
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2022
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vol. 60
63-74
EN
The urbarium of the ducal estate of Cieszyn (Teschen), known in the literature as the ‘Cieszyn Urbarium of 1621’, has not survived in the original but only in a copy from 1653. The urbarium records a certain Adam Matloch, who purchased land in Marklowice in 1644, which provokes the question of whether the data in the urbarium reflect the state of 1621. A detailed analysis reveals the complexity of the information of this urbarium and suggests the method of preparing the copies of this type of source – with updates taken into account and deleted fragments omitted. It turns out that, contrary to its common name, the urbarium is a compilation of entries from 1621 to 1643, with the majority of entries reflecting the state of affairs from c. 1640.
PL
Urbarz cieszyńskiego klucza dóbr książęcych, funkcjonujący w literaturze jako „urbarz cieszyński z 1621 r.”, nie zachował się w oryginale, ale jedynie w odpisie z 1653 r. W urbarzu został odnotowany Adam Matloch, który nabył grunt w Marklowicach w 1644 r., co każe postawić pytanie, czy zawarte tam dane oddają stan z 1621 r. Szczegółowa analiza odsłania złożoność informacji zamieszczonych w tym urbarzu, a także metodę pracy nad sporządzaniem odpisów tego rodzaju źródeł – gdzie uwzględniano aktualizacje i pomijano fragmenty skreślone. Okazuje się, że wbrew utartej nazwie urbarz stanowi kompilację zapisów z lat 1621–1643, a większość wpisów oddaje stan z ok. 1640 r.
6

Entre la morale, la galanterie et le burlesque : la nouvelle historique dans les années soixante-dix du XVIIe siècle

84%
Kulesza M.
Romanica Wratislaviensia
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2014
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vol. 61
21 - 32
EN
Using as examples Dom Carlos by Saint-Réal (1672), Les Annales galantes by Mme de Villedieu (1670) and Le Prince de Condé by Edme Boursault (1675), in the present article I discuss three aspects of 17th-century historical short stories: the role of the moral lesson they teach, gallantry and burlesque. I demonstrate that the authors of historical short stories attempt to reinterpret historical events and mix historical facts with fiction, while making references to the times they lived in. Historical short stories, by no means, describe ancient history; rather, they present contemporary events under historical guise. Their moral message is universal as these stories portray human nature and social vices. Ironic humour and burlesque, which underscore importance of this message, are popular with readers and make the work carry the intended message in a clear way. The variety of forms of these short stories opens up the path for new subgenres of the novel, namely for the psychological novel and for the novel of manners.
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Izolacja więzienna jako doświadczenie egzystencjalne w literaturze polskiego baroku. Wybrane przykłady

84%
Pliszka M.
Napis. Pismo poświęcone literaturze okolicznościowej i użytkowej
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2021
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vol. 27: IZOLACJA I KOMUNIKACJA – ROZWAŻANIA NAD FORMAMI KOMUNIKACJI LITERACKIEJ I KULTUROWEJ
24-39
EN
The article focuses on the experience of isolation and evidence thereof in personal document literature (journals, diaries, letters, among others), as well as on the traces of prison experiences in poetic texts (such as by Zbigniew Morsztyn). Questions posed by the author of the article relate to various aspects of experiencing prison trauma. They concentrate on issues and topics such as: man and fate, nostalgia, resentment, torture, making use of time in isolation (from despair to acts of literary creativity). One subject of special interest to the author is a particular literary diction (verbalising discomforts of isolation), taking shape in the discourse of the self as inmate, as well as the transforming of this extreme experience into a literary image.
8
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Mieszczańska kariera w szlacheckiej Rzeczypospolitej? Francesco De Gratta i jego social network

84%
Gregorowicz D.
Zapiski Historyczne
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2022
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vol. 87
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issue 2
133-149
EN
Michał Salamonik published his doctoral dissertation in 2017. The book addresses an important topic of the presence of the bourgeois in the early modern Polish-Lithuanian state. This is a biographical account and a study of the career of Francesco De Gratta, a citizen of Gdańsk of Italian origin. The purpose of the article is to present the subject matter from the perspective of original methodology used by the author: social network analysis, evaluation of the narrative based on it and the effectiveness of its use in historiography. It also contains reflections on the legitimacy of using studies of relationship and networks (family, work, financial) and broadly understood quantitative methods for biographical research. The article also poses a question of the extent to which one can speak of planning or deliberately constructing the bourgeois career within the social and political structures of the seventeenth-century Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The presented analysis has shown that the application of the SNA methodology for creating biographies should be considered interesting and useful, especially when the social connections of the main character are closely connected with other spheres of his activity. It seems that a study from the social network perspective gives the entitlement to studying characters that are understood as integral elements of social processes and relations, which adds a great research value of this approach.
9
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Widziane z plebanii. Świat i ludzie w diariuszach dwóch duchownych ewangelickich z Rzeczypospolitej przełomu XVII i XVIII wieku

84%
Kriegseisen W.
Zapiski Historyczne
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2022
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vol. 87
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issue 1
63-89
EN
In the research on the deteriorating relations between the Evangelical-Reformed (Calvinist) minority and the Catholic majority of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the problems of mutual perception of the representatives of these denominations, as well as the evaluation of the realities of life in an increasingly Catholic state by the representatives of the Evangelical minority have been investigated the least. Based on two diaries by Evangelical-Reformed clergymen, Gabriel Dyjakiewicz and Jan Krzysztof Kraiński, who were active in Podlasie and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania at the turn of the eighteenth century, the author attempts to present the image of the world as perceived and presented on the pages of these two egodocuments. After analysing the diary entries, it cannot be concluded that their authors found themselves in a social and communicative vacuum, although both of them noticed the progressive isolation of Evangelical circles. According to the records, it also appears that interfaith relations in the everyday life were not as bad as contemporary historical studies suggest. Both authors had a positive attitude towards the state, felt to be its citizens and patriots, combining a strong Evangelical religious identity with a sense of community with the society of the predominantly Catholic Polish Nobles’ Republic. Neither of the diaries reflects on the civilisational and cultural differences between the society of the north-eastern lands of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the world of Protestant Europe, known to both authors from their university studies.
10
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Skomplikowane początki nowego miasta. Radziwiłłowski Bogusławpol w województwie mińskim

84%
Prudnikau A.
Zapiski Historyczne
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2022
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vol. 87
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issue 3
23-40
EN
The business activities of Bogusław Radziwiłł, the Equerry of Lithuania (1620–1669), for a long time remained on the peripheries of historians’ interest, despite the fact that the magnate introduced new management and governance methods in his vast estates. Radziwiłł had great personal and political ambitions. To commemorate Prince Bogusław Radziwiłł, a new town was established in his Smalyavichi estate in Mińsk voivodeship (present day Belarus) in the early 1740s, named Bogusławpol after the owner. It was to become an important trade and craft hub on the route from Poland to Moscow. Based on the inventories of the Smalyavichi estate and the correspondence of the Prince with officials, the author of this article demonstrates how this town developed in the years 1643–1669. There are many indications that Bogusław Radziwiłł was personally involved in the settlement and development of Bogusławpol. He managed it through his stewards in the Smalyavichy estate. By virtue of its name, Bogusławpol was to become a monument to honour Bogusław Radziwiłł. However, after Radziwiłł’s death (the last male representative of the Calvinist branch of the family) at the end of the 17th century, the name of the town was eventually changed to Zhodzina, under which it is known today.
11
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Poselstwa województw kujawskich do pierwszych królów rodaków (1669–1690)

84%
Wierzbicki L. A.
Zapiski Historyczne
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2022
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vol. 87
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issue 2
39-52
EN
The subject of legations sent by Kuyavian voivodeships to the royal court has not yet been discussed in historical literature. This work constitutes a supplement to the monograph by Adolf Pawiński devoted to the Kuyavian sejmik in Radziejów, in which these issues were completely ignored. The article makes use of the sejmik records of the Kuyavian voivodeships published by Pawiński, as well as other sources relating to this sejmik found in manuscripts. These include resolutions, instructions and credentials for the deputies, royal responses, letters of advice, and correspondence. This work gives an insight into the legations sent to the first compatriot kings, Michael I and John III Sobieski, through a critical analysis of the sources. Based on the preserved sources, it was possible to determine 12 legations sent to the royal court in the years 1669–1690. Initially, the legations consisted of four, and from 1672, of two persons. Twenty-three names were included among those who were sent to these rulers. They were land officials and representatives of the local nobility who had no offices or dignities. These legations were selected during relational, pre-sejm and mobilization sejmiks.
12

Vertalen van medische teksten vanuit het Nederlands naar het Japans: De eerste stappen

67%
Joby C.
Roczniki Humanistyczne
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2018
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vol. 66
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issue 5: Neofilologia. Zeszyt specjalny
95-105
PL
Jak powszechnie wiadomo, Holendrzy byli jedynymi ludźmi z Zachodu, którym w latach 1639–1854 wolno było prowadzić handel z Japonią. W XVIII i XIX wieku z niderlandzkiego na japoński przetłumaczono około tysiąca książek o różnorodnej tematyce naukowej. Niniejszy artykuł nawiązuje do pierwszych okresów w tej historii i wykorzystuje źródła pierwotne, aby postawić szereg pytań badawczych i znaleźć na nie odpowiedź: jaki był język źródłowy i język docelowy pierwszych przekładów i w jaki sposób pracowali tłumacze? Dalej artykuł umieszcza tę historię w szerszym kontekście, aby ocenić, w jakim stopniu przykłady zmieniają nasze wyobrażenie o tym, czym jest tłumaczenie, i jak historia ta odnosi się do prac Itamara Ewen-Zohara nad polisystemami. Podsumowując, artykuł ten prezentuje interesujące studium przypadku pierwszej fazy procesu przekładu między dwoma językami, które wcześniej nie miały ze sobą żadnego kontaktu.
EN
As is well known, the Dutch were the only Westerners who were permitted to trade with Japan between 1639 and 1854. However, the Dutch imported not only goods, but also books, including many that dealt with scientific subjects. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, about a thousand books dealing with different scientific subjects were translated from Dutch to Japanese. This article goes back to the first episodes in this story and uses primary sources to try and answer a number of research questions: what were the source and target language of the first translations and how did the translators go about their work? Furthermore, the article places this story within a wider research context in order to assess whether the examples presented change our idea of what translation is and how this story relates to the work on polysystems by Itamar Even-Zohar. To sum up, this article offers an interesting case study in the first phase of translating between two languages that previously not had any contact.
NL
Zoals bekend waren de Nederlanders de enige westerlingen die tussen 1639 en 1854 met Japan mochten handelen. In de 18e en 19e eeuw werden ongeveer duizend boeken over verschillende wetenschappelijke onderwerpen vanuit het Nederlands in het Japans vertaald. Dit artikel gaat terug naar de eerste periodes in deze geschiedenis en gebruikt primaire bronnen om een reeks wetenschappelijke vragen op te werpen en te beantwoorden: welke waren de bron- en doeltaal van die eerste vertalingen en hoe pakten de vertalers hun werk aan? Voorts plaatst het artikel dit verhaal in een bredere context om te beoordelen in hoeverre de voorbeelden ons idee over wat vertalen eigenlijk is veranderen en hoe deze geschiedenis gerelateerd is aan het werk over polysystemen van Itamar Even-Zohar. Samenvattend biedt dit artikel een interessante case study over de eerste fase van vertalen tussen twee talen die eerder geen contact met elkaar hebben gehad.
13
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Ambony skrzatuskie

59%
Zadarko K.
Rocznik Skrzatuski
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2020
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vol. 8
53-80
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu są dwie ambony znajdujące się w sanktuarium Matki Bożej Bolesnej w Skrzatuszu. Świątynia została w 2019 r. podniesiona decyzją Stolicy Apostolskiej do godności bazyliki. Jest to okazja, aby przybliżyć czytelnikowi wiedzę o miejscach głoszenia słowa Bożego w historii i współcześnie w sanktuarium. Analiza konstrukcji, kształtu i ikonografii zabytkowej, barokowej kazalnicy prowadzi do wniosku, że w wyniku prac renowacyjnych doszło do zmian w kolorystyce i niezrozumiałych przemieszczeń figur zdobiących kazalnicę, mających wpływ na jej wymowę teologiczną. Nowa ambona, wykonana w 2013 r., jest dobrze zaprojektowanym „stołem” słowa Bożego obok ołtarza („stołu eucharystycznego”), ale pozbawiona artystycznej symboliki. Znajomość zagadnień historycznych, formalnych, architektonicznych i ikonograficznych omawianych ambon daje wiedzę o kulturze wnętrz sakralnych północnej Wielkopolski i diecezji koszalińsko-kołobrzeskiej w historii, zwłaszcza po Soborze Trydenckim w XVII i XVIII w. i po Soborze Watykańskim II.
EN
The subject of the article are two pulpits located in the shrine of Our Lady of Sorrows in Skrzatusz. The temple was raised in 2019 by the decision of the Holy See to the status of a basilica. It is an opportunity to bring closer to the reader the knowledge about the places of proclaiming the Word of God in history and today in the sanctuary. The analysis of the construction, shape and iconography of the historic Baroque pulpit leads to the conclusion that as a result of renovation works, there were changes in the color and incomprehensible displacements of the figures adorning the pulpit, affecting its theological significance. The new pulpit, made in 2013, is a well-designed “table” of God’s Word next to the altar (“Eucharistic table”), but devoid of artistic symbolism. Knowledge of the historical, formal, architectural and iconographic issues discussed in the pulpit gives knowledge about the culture of sacred interiors in Wielkopolska (northern Greater Poland) and the Koszalin-Kolobrzeg (Kołobrzeg) Diocese in history, especially after the Council of Trent in the 17th and 18th centuries and after the Second Vatican Council.
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