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EN
Background and aim: The effect of socio-economic factors (living conditions) and parental smoking habits on development of facial morphology and body measurements was studied on a longitudinal Czech sample of 25 girls and 25 boys. Subjects and methods: A set of studied digitalized photographs taken from 0.5 to 18 years in intervals of 6 months originated in the Brno Longitudinal Study. Facial shape changes of sub-adult participants were described using a configuration of 27 landmarks and further studied by using methods of geometric morphometric and multivariate statistics. In order to localize growth-related shape changes within the face, the studied region was divided into upper, middle and lower facial units and analyzed separately. Results and conclusion: The results show that in the course of ontogenesis there is a strong correlation between facial shape change and body measurements, height included (r=0.10 and r=0.24 in boys and in girls, respectively). The pubertal spurt of the facial shape change rate was revealed at 10.5 years in girls and at 11.5 years in boys. The earlier onset of the pubertal rate increase in facial shape changes in boys was associated with records of poor living conditions. In addition, the mother’s smoking habits were linked to a noticeable facial shape change.
EN
In this paper we analyse the ontogeny of craniofacial growth in Ardipithecus ramidus in the context of its possible social and environmental determinants. We sought to test the hypothesis that this form of early hominin evolved a specific adult craniofacial morphology via heterochronic dissociation of growth trajectories. We suggest the lack of sexual dimorphism in craniofacial morphology provides evidence for a suite of adult behavioral adaptations, and consequently an ontogeny, unlike any other species of extant ape. The lack of sexually dimorphic craniofacial morphology suggests A. ramidus males adopted reproductive strategies that did not require male on male conflict. Male investment in the maternal metabolic budget and/or paternal investment in offspring may have been reproductive strategies adopted by males. Such strategies would account for the absence of innate morphological armoury in males. Consequently, A. ramidus would have most likely had sub-adult periods of socialisation unlike that of any extant ape. We also argue that A.ramidus and chimpanzee craniofacial morphology are apomorphic, each representing a derived condition relative to that of the common ancestor, with A. ramidus developing its orthognatic condition via paedomoporhosis, and chimpanzees evolving increased prognathism via peramorphosis. In contrast we suggest cranial volume and life history trajectories may be synapomorphic traits that both species inherited and retained form a putative common ancestral condition. Our analysis also provides support for the hypothesis that an intensification of maternal care was central to the process of hominization.
EN
Femininity and masculinity associated with human identity is genetically determined from the beginning of the individual human being. The diverse genetic material with the appropriate software epigenetic characteristic of a particular gender is introduced at the moment of conception due to sperm penetrating to the egg. It is then that the process of molecular changes that differentiate sex of cells and thus the whole organism of the human person is initiated. Different genes and regulators are involved in shaping the characteristics of the female or male human body and forms of their behavior. They reveal their activity depending on the developmental age of the body and the functions of individual tissues and organs forming a related system known as sexome. Regulatory mechanisms of the genome software called the epigenome responding well to environmental influences belong to the elements performing in a network of links. Therefore, the genetically and epigenetically determined sexual dimorphism of human beings is a natural way of their social and cultural development.
PL
Kobiecość i męskość przynależna ludzkiej tożsamości jest determinowana genetycznie od początku istnienia indywidualnej istoty ludzkiej. W chwili poczęcia, po wniknięciu plemnika do komórki jajowej jest wprowadzony zróżnicowany materiał genetyczny wraz z odpowiednim oprogramowaniem epigenetycznym charakterystycznym dla danej płci. Wtedy zostaje zapoczątkowany proces zmian molekularnych, które różnicują płeć komórek, a tym samym całego organizmu osoby ludzkiej. W kształtowaniu cech żeńskich lub męskich organizmu człowieka oraz form jego zachowania biorą udział różne geny i ich regulatory ujawniające swoją aktywność w zależności od wieku rozwojowego organizmu i funkcji poszczególnych tkanek i organów, tworząc powiązany system określany mianem seksomu. Do jego elementów działania w sieci powiązań należą też mechanizmy regulacyjne oprogramowania genomu zwane epigenomem reagującym również na wpływy środowiskowe. Z tego względu dymorfizm płciowy człowieka uwarunkowany genetycznie i epigenetycznie stanowi naturalną drogę rozwoju społecznego człowieka i jego rozwoju kulturowego.
PL
Cel: Celem pracy jest określenie związków między cechami antropometrycznymi (masa ciała, wysokość ciała, długość kończyn dolnych i górnych) i BMI a poziomem zdolności motorycznych młodych kobiet i mężczyzn, w teście skiping z klaskaniem – 8 s (8s-SHC). W badaniach analizowano także zmiany w zakresie HR oraz zróżnicowanie płciowe badanych pod względem rozwoju somatyczno-motorycznego. Materiał i metody: W badaniach uczestniczyło 102 studentki i 108 studentów (wiek odpowiednio: 19,40 ± 0,493 lat i 19,57 ± 0,497 lat) Uniwersytetu Warmińsko-Mazurskiego w Olsztynie (UWM). U badanych dokonano pomiaru masy i wysokości ciała oraz długości kończyn dolnych i górnych, a na ich podstawie obliczono BMI. Poziom zdolności szybkościowych zbadano przy pomocy 8s-SHC. Dodatkowo zmierzono HR przed i po wysiłku oraz obliczono jego przyrost i spadek. Dla wszystkich badanych cech obliczono podstawowe charakterystyki statystyczne oraz współczynniki korelacji przy zastosowaniu nieparametrycznego testu U Manna-Whitneya pomiędzy cechami antropometrycznymi, HR i wynikami uzyskanymi w 8s-SHC. Wyniki: Mężczyźni charakteryzują się istotnie wyższymi (p<0,01) wartościami cech antropometrycznych (masa ciała, wysokość ciała, długość kończyn dolnych i górnych) oraz wykonują istotnie więcej klaśnięć od kobiet w teście 8s-SHC (odpowiednio: 25,95 ± 2,111 i 23,98 ± 2,068 klaśnięć, p<0,01). Liczba klaśnięć wykonywanych podczas 8s-SHC oraz wartości HR maleją istotnie wraz ze wzrostem wysokości i masy ciała oraz BMI. Wnioski: Wzrost wielkości ciała wpływa istotnie negatywnie na poziom zdolności szybkościowych u młodych kobiet i mężczyzn w teście 8s-SHC.
EN
Aim: The aim of the study is to determine relationships between anthropometric characteristics (body weight, body height, and length of upper and lower limbs), the BMI and the level of motor abilities of young women and men in the 8-second skipping with hand clapping test (8s-SHC). In the research, changes in the HR and gender the somatomotoric development were also analyzed. Material & Methods: In the research 102 female and 108 male students of University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn participated (aged 19.40 ± 0.493 and 19.57 ± 0.497 respectively). In the study, the participants' body mass, body height and the length of upper and lower limbs were measured. On the basis of the measurements, the BMI was calculated. The speed abilities were analyzed with the use of the 8s-SHC. Additionally, the HR before and after the physical effort was measured and its increase and decrease were calculated. For all analyzed indicators, the descriptive statistics and the correlation coefficients between the anthropometric features, the HR and the results gained in the 8s-SHC were calculated with the use of the nonparametric Mann–Whitney U test. Results: Men are characterized by significantly higher (p<0.01) values of anthropometric features (body mass, body height, the length of upper and lower limbs) and they perform significantly more hand clapping than women in the 8s-SHC (25.95 ± 2.111 and 23.98 ± 2.068 of hand clapping, respectively, p<0.01). The number of hand clapping performed during the 8s-SHC and the HR values decrease significantly with the increase of body weight, body height and the BMI. Conclusions: An increase in the body size of young women and men has a significant negative effect on their speed abilities measured in the 8s-SHC test.
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