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EN
The Polish legislator introduced a series of mechanisms limiting the possibility of turnover of agricultural real estate. The amendment to the Act on the Formation of Agricultural System, binding since 30 April 2016, has introduced several limitations in the acquisition of agricultural real estate. The rule has been adopted that only an individual farmer may be the acquirer of farming land, which excludes e.g. a commercial law company. These limitations also apply to the division of inheritance. The acquisition by relatives is not subject to the restrictions contained in the discussed regulation, but the inheritance by non-relatives is only possible under the statutory requirements. In the division of inheritance, the estate may be acquired by an individual farmer, or by other subjects who obtained the approval of the President of the National Center for Support of Agriculture. The inclusion of the above clauses in the inheritance section is not understandable and does not serve any purposes defined in the preamble to the law. It unnecessarily complicates the turnover. Fortunately, the most common divisions of inheritance, i.e. those in which relatives participate, are excluded from these constraints.
EN
It is difficult to imagine socio-economic relations without property. Ownership can be understood differently: narrowly – as a right within the meaning of civil law and broadly – as in fact any right belonging to a person that together with other rights forms property of this person. Therefore, ownership is of interest to almost all branches of law, including constitutional law. As a consequence, ownership can be regarded as a single right, especially within the meaning of the Civil Code, or as institution that includes ownership rights and associated obligations. Nowadays, these obligations become more and more important because property is regarded as a social function and not only as an absolute right of the owner. The social perspective of ownership makes the property differentiated by its object. In this way various legal regimes of ownership are created, including agricultural property of great social significance. Agricultural property is a basic element of the agricultural system that is constitutionally based on a family farm. The state, shaping the agricultural system in the assumed way, regulates the agricultural system accordingly. This is done, among others, by the Act of 2003 on the shaping of the agricultural system that also defines a family farm. However, the Act, contrary to its title, regulates only the transfer of ownership of agricultural lands and farms. The provisions of the Act raise serious objections both in terms of assumptions and in terms of applied legal solutions. The source of these defective regulations, after the transformation of the political system at the turn of the 1980s and 1990s, is a fact that in Poland the model of the agricultural system has never been developed.
IT
La legge dell’11 aprile 2003 sul regime agricolo introduce una serie di restrizioni alla compravendita di fondi agricoli. A partire dal 30 aprile 2016, ad esse sono soggette anche le situazioni di divisione, trasformazione e fusione per le società commerciali. Il presente contributo analizza il problema di trasformazione delle società di capitali in possesso di proprietà agricole. Per motivi pratici, la situazione più comune riguarda la trasformazione di una società a responsabilità limitata in una società per azioni. Dall’analisi svolta emerge che la struttura delle disposizioni è alquanto imprecisa. Tuttavia, il problema maggiore, sempre nell’ambito delle soluzioni analizzate, è la mancanza di conseguimento degli obiettivi previsti nella legge menzionata. In caso di trasformazione di una srl in una società per azioni, gli azionisti della prima diventano azionisti della seconda, quindi, dal punto di vista materiale e giuridico, abbiamo a che fare che lo stesso soggetto. Le soluzioni di questo genere, come le restrizioni intorno alla trasformazione sopra richiamata, non hanno alcun senso giuridico e non servono, certamente, a realizzare nessun obiettivo stabilito nell’atto considerato.
EN
The Act of 11 April 2003 on shaping the agricultural system introduced a number of restrictions on trading in agricultural property. As of 30 April 2016, the regulations of the Act also apply to companies undergoing a division, change of status or a merger. In this article a change of status of a company which owns agricultural real estate was analysed. For practical reasons, the most common situation of this kind is the conversion of a limited liability company into a public limited company. The analysis of this has revealed that the construction of legal regulations regulating this issue is highly imprecise. However, the biggest problem seems to be the fact that statutory objectives provided for in the Act have not been achieved. In the case of a conversion of a limited liability company into a public limited company, the shareholders of the limited liability company become shareholders of the public limited company, so from the substantive law point of view, the same entity continues to exist. Solutions of this kind do not make any legal sense and certainly do not achieve any of the objectives set out in the Act analysed.
PL
Ustawa z dnia 11 kwietnia 2003 r. o kształtowaniu ustroju rolnego (UKUR) wprowadza szereg ograniczeń w obrocie nieruchomościami rolnymi. Od 30 kwietnia 2016 r. rygorami UKUR objęto również sytuacje, w których dochodzi do podziału, przekształcenia bądź łączenia spółek prawa handlowego. W publikacji poddano analizie przekształcenie spółek kapitałowych będących właścicielami nieruchomości rolnych. Ze względów praktycznych najczęstsza tego rodzaju sytuacja to przekształcenie spółki z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością w spółkę akcyjną. Analiza wykazała, iż konstrukcja przepisów jest wysoce nieprecyzyjna. Jednak największym problemem analizowanych rozwiązań jest brak realizacji celów ustawowych. W przypadku przekształcenia spółki z o.o. w spółkę akcyjną udziałowcy spółki z o.o. stają się akcjonariuszami spółki akcyjnej, a więc z materialnoprawnego punktu widzenia występuje ten sam podmiot. Tego rodzaju rozwiązania, jak objęcie rygorami UKUR przekształcenia spółki z o.o. w spółkę akcyjną, nie mają sensu prawnego i z pewnością nie realizują żadnego z celów określonych w analizowanej ustawie.
IT
L’articolo si propone, nei limiti della ricerca condotta, di caratterizzare il fenomeno che consiste nell’ampliare l’ambito di applicazione delle regolazioni che vanno annoverate nel diritto agrario fondiario, come consegue dalle modifiche apportate alla legge sul regime agricolo nel 2016, nonché l’impatto del fenomeno sulla pratica notarile nel trasferimento degli immobili. La prima parte del contributo analizza questioni di carattere generale che mettono in evidenza la portata dell’impatto avuto dalla legge su regolazioni finora libere di qualsiasi forma di „agrarizzazione”, vale a dire, in particolare, istituti tradizionali di diritto civile, procedura civile, diritto societario e diritto fallimentare. La seconda parte illustra, invece, la dimensione pratica della legge, mettendo in luce alcuni problemi affrontati dai notai che in quanto professionisti la applicano svolgendo il lavoro di tutti i giorni. Nella parte conclusiva, si è cercato di valutare il fenomeno di ampliamento studiato nell’ordinamento giuridico polacco, cercando anche di far vedere che il processo in esame non viene svolto in modo razionale e coerente.
EN
The aim of the research conducted within the framework of this paper was to characterise the expansion of the scope of regulations classified as agricultural land law, resulting from the amendment to the Act on shaping the agricultural system of 2016, and its impact on the notarial practice of real estate trading. In the first part of the study, general issues presenting the scale of the impact of this Act on the regulations hitherto free from any form of “agrariarisation” (in particular, the traditional institutions of civil law, civil proceedings, company law and bankruptcy law) were analysed. In the second part of the paper, a practical dimension of the Act has been illustrated by an analysis of the problems that notaries as practitioners face when applying it in their everyday work. As part of the concluding remarks, an assessment of the expansion of the agricultural law regulation in the Polish legal system has been made, demonstrating that this process does not occur in a rational and coherent way.
PL
Celem rozważań jest charakterystyka zjawiska poszerzania się zakresu regulacji zaliczanych do rolnego prawa gruntowego, wynikającego z nowelizacji ustawy o kształtowaniu ustroju rolnego dokonanej w 2016 r. oraz jego wpływu na praktykę notarialną obrotu nieruchomościami. W pierwszej części artykułu przedstawione zostały ogólne kwestie ukazujące skalę oddziaływania ustawy o kształtowaniu ustroju rolnego na regulacje wolne dotychczas od jakichkolwiek form „agraryzacji”, tj. w szczególności tradycyjne instytucje prawa cywilnego, postępowanie cywilne, prawo spółek oraz prawo upadłościowe. W drugiej części ukazany został wymiar praktyczny regulacji ustawy o kształtowaniu ustroju rolnego poprzez przybliżenie niektórych problemów, przed którymi stają notariusze jako praktycy stosujący tę ustawę w swej codziennej działalności. W ramach uwag końcowych dokonano oceny zjawiska poszerzania się zakresu regulacji prawnorolnych w polskim systemie prawa, wskazując, że proces ten nie następuje w sposób racjonalny i spójny.
EN
The Polish legislator introduced a series of mechanisms limiting the possibility of turnover of agricultural real estate. The rule has been adopted that only an individual farmer may be the acquirer of farming land, which excludes e.g. a commercial law company. The Agricultural Property Agency has been equipped with several competences enabling it considerable interference with the agricultural real estate turnover. The amendment to the Act on the Formation of Agricultural System, binding since 30 April 2016, has introduced several limitations in the acquisition of agricultural real estate by companies governed by commercial law. The acquisition of agricultural real estate with the consent of the President of the Agricultural Property Agency is the only option for legal persons to acquire agricultural real estate. In practice, the above regulations considerably hinder the conduct of agricultural activities by commercial law companies. The principle of the freedom of agricultural activities entails the choice of the form of conducting of such activities. The analysed regulations do not give such freedom. The introduction of a farm company, i.e. the subject whose main activity would be of an agricultural character and which could be treated like an individual farmer, into the Polish, law might constitute a be a good solution to this problem.
PL
Polski ustawodawca wprowadził szereg mechanizmów ograniczających obrót nieruchomościami rolnymi. Wprowadzono zasadę, że tylko rolnik indywidualny może nabyć grunty rolne, co wyłącza możliwość ich nabycia m.in. przez spółki prawa handlowego. Agencja Nieruchomości Rolnych została wyposażona w szereg kompetencji pozwalających na znaczący wpływ na obrót gruntami rolnymi. Nowelizacja ustawy o kształtowaniu ustroju rolnego obowiązująca od 30 kwietnia 2016 r. wprowadziła szereg ograniczeń w nabywaniu nieruchomości rolnych przez spółki prawa handlowego. Nabycie nieruchomości rolnej za zgodą Prezesa ANR jest jedynym sposobem na uzyskanie własności nieruchomości rolnej przez osoby prawne. Powyższe regulacje w praktyce znacznie utrudniają prowadzenie działalności rolniczej przez spółki prawa handlowego. Zasada wolności działalności gospodarczej oznacza m.in. wybór formy, w jakiej można taką działalność podejmować. Kształt analizowanych przepisów takiej wolności nie daje. Być może właściwym rozwiązaniem byłoby wprowadzenie do prawa polskiego spółki rolnej, a więc podmiotu, którego głównym rodzajem działalności byłaby działalność rolnicza i który mógłby być traktowany na równi z rolnikiem indywidualnym.
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