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PL
The article entitled “The consequences of structural transformations of leisure time on the ship” discusses the transformation of the structure of leisure time on the ship. The analysis is based empirical research carried out at an interval of forty years. The research material is supplemented with a statement posted on the seafarers' online forum. Comparative analysis revealed a tendency among respondents to the individual leisure activities. Such action is the isolation of the individual members of the ship's crew, and thus decrease the efficiency of cooperation in areas requiring seafarers. At the same time organizational changes in the modern fleet, which reduces to a minimum stopover in the port, thereby increasing the time of seafarers isolation from the broader social environment of intensifying the sense of social isolation. In the long term, lead to alienation of personality disorders influencing attitudes among other work.
EN
Admiral Raeder is an exceptional personality in the history of the German Navy, of which he had been the commander for 15 years. He decided to develop the battle fleet largely disregarding the conclusions from the experience of World War I. He was considered to be a conservative and an outsider in the III Reich Nazi system. Thanks to his endeavors the Kriegsmarine represented a very high standard of battle value at the outbreak of World War II.
EN
Water transport was the earliest mode of transport in ancient Mesopotamia. Thanks to the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, which run along the whole length of Mesopotamia, and a network of canals, river transport facilitated communication, exchange, as well as cultural and military contacts between towns. This paper focuses on the riverine transport in Mesopotamia and its development from the Ubaid (5900–4200 BC) to the Neo-Babylonian period (626–539 BC). The importance of river transport in Mesopotamia is discussed, considering its role as a means of communication, exchange of goods and ideas, and a factor influencing the sociopolitical transformation in the region. Watercraft is discussed to the full extent, with particular emphasis on different types of ships and their functions. The chronological development of watercraft in Mesopotamia is also analysed based on boat models, cuneiform texts, and representations of boats in the art.
EN
The paper presents the general principles of requirements engineering with particular attention for the requirements specification presented on the example of an ambitious national program for the fleet expansion of the Polish Navy. The introduction outlines the origins of requirements engineering and its strong relationships with software engineering. It appears that most large IT projects usually struggle to meet the precisely formulated criteria of requirements engineering, which results in the tremendous waste of project resources. Next the concept of requirements and good practices in the preparation of requirements specifications is formulated. Later the example of the 15-year history of the Polish Gawron-class corvette, Project 621, is used to illustrate how systematic violations of the cardinal principles of requirements engineering and disregard for regulations can lead to major losses and consequently to suspending the whole project. An emergency solution was planned to conduct the thorough modification of the project so as to complete this very costly investment (about PLN 1 billion) and construct a much weaker patrol vessel – Ślązak, Project 621/M. The main research thesis can be limited to the statement that amateur and improvised requirements specification in the case of a large shipbuilding project, which was mainly based on socio-political needs, leads directly to the collapse of the project and significant material losses accompanied by the painful embarrassment of state bodies on an international scale.
EN
The subject of the article is a legal analysis of the actions taken by the master of a Polish sea- going ship in terms of preventing fatal accidents among the crew members, as well as in the case of a death on board. This analysis was based on, among others, the Maritime Code and the act on maritime labour, which provide the basis for considerations of the complicated legal status and practice of the shipmaster, especially in an emergency. Numerous laws and other legal acts authorise and oblige the shipmaster to make efforts for the benefit of crew members. Protecting the life and health of seafarers is one of the most important goals for the master of each ship. Regardless, the shipmaster has many other responsibilities, among which the author empha- sises those related to a death on board, including the notification of the consul or registry office about it; in specific cases, arranging a burial at sea of a person who died on board; or acting as a witness for preparing a special testament.
PL
Tematem artykułu jest prawna analiza działań podejmowanych przez kapitana polskiego statku morskiego w zakresie zapobiegania śmiertelnym wypadkom członków jego załogi, jak również w konsekwencji zgonu zaistniałego na statku. Analiza ta powstała w oparciu m.in. o Kodeks morski i ustawę o pracy na morzu, dające podstawę do rozważań skomplikowanego statusu prawnego i praktyki kapitana, zwłaszcza w stanach zagrożenia. Liczne ustawy i inne akty prawne upoważniają i zobowiązują kapitana statku do czynienia wysiłków na rzecz dobra członków załogi. Ochrona życia i zdrowia marynarzy jest jednym z najważniejszych celów kapitana każdego statku. Niezależnie od tego, na kapitanie ciążą inne liczne obowiązki, spośród których autor wskazuje na związane ze zgonem, m.in. powiadomienie o nim konsula lub urzędu stanu cywilne- go, sprawienie w szczególnych przypadkach pogrzebu w morzu osoby zmarłej na statku czy pełnienie funkcji świadka sporządzania testamentu o szczególnym charakterze.
DE
Der Band enthält die Abstracts ausschließlich in englischer Sprache.
EN
In this paper we examine the way Simenon uses violent images of water in Long cours (1936). This exotic novel tells the wanderings of Joseph Mittel who leaves France with Germaine, wanted for murder. Through the analysis of the incipit and the passage about the first days of Mittel as a stoker on the boat of a smuggler we show that Simenon creates a network of references in order to elucidate the failure of the exotic experience of the main character. This allows us to reflect on Simenon’s writing process as well.
FR
Dans le présent article, nous étudions la manière dont Simenon enchaîne les images violentes de l’eau dans Long cours (1936). Ce roman « exotique » raconte les pérégrinations de Joseph Mittel quittant la France avec Germaine, recherchée par la police pour meurtre. En analysant l’incipit et la séquence consacrée aux débuts de Mittel en tant que chauffeur sur le cargo d’un contrebandier, nous montrons que Simenon met en place un réseau de références pour traduire l’échec de l’expérience exotique du héros. Ce qui nous permet de nous interroger sur le processus simenonien de l’écriture également.
RU
Том не содержит аннотаций на русском языке.
EN
The work of seafarers on a seagoing ship involves numerous negative conditions which affect the physical and mental spheres of their functioning. The struggle with the environment, the inability to leave the ship, and the distance from the family and friends make sailors one of the professional groups at the highest risk of suicides. The author draws special attention to the social significance of seafarers’ suicides, which is related to the circumstances of committing these acts, their total number and their alarmingly high percentage among all causes of sailors’ deaths. Another advantage of the article is that it discusses the almost forgotten term “calenture”, unknown to modern scientific literature and probably related to the sea- farers’ inclination to suicide. The article is based on an analysis of committed suicides and of the unclear results of research into them.
PL
Praca marynarza na statku morskim stanowi przesłankę licznych negatywnych uwarunkowań w sferach fizycznej i psychicznej jego funkcjonowania. Zmagania ze środowiskiem, niemożność opuszczenia statku, odległość dzieląca od rodziny czy przyjaciół czynią z ludzi morza jedną z grup zawodowych charakteryzujących się największym ryzykiem zamachów samobójczych. Autor zwraca szczególną uwagę na społeczne znaczenie samobójstw marynarzy, co powiązane jest z okolicznościami popełniania tych czynów, łączną ich liczbą i niepokojąco wysokim odsetkiem wśród wszystkich przyczyn ich zgonów. Walorem artykułu jest również przypomnienie terminu „kalentura”, niemal zapomnianego, nieznanego współczesnej literaturze naukowej, a prawdopodobnie związanego ze skłonnością marynarzy do popełniania samobójstw. Artykuł opiera się na analizie popełnionych samobójstw i niejasnych wyników badań podjętych nad nimi.
EN
Nowadays, the Przemsza River does not count as navigable one. However, this was not always the case. Over the centuries, this small tributary of the Vistula was an important river artery, which connected Chełmek – a city in the Małopolskie voivodship in the Oświęcim poviat and surrounding cities from the Vistula basin, further with Krakow, Sandomierz and even Puławy. There were transported industrial goods and raw materials on the Przemsza River. The river was also important from the touristic point of view. The necessary conditions that allowed sailing in the past on the title river included: obtaining a permit from the local authority, carrying out an appropriate investigation and obtaining a patent for a ship (for the owner of the ship) and possession of a sailing license issued after passing the exam (for the ship’s captain). All information about ships (their owners, captains, results of investigations carried out, data on the maximum permissible number of transported persons and data on the maximum level of draft of the loaded vessel) were made public and remained in the appropriate offices. The described way of regulating the shipping even today seems to be purposeful 222 and effective, and the postulate of the resumption of navigation on the “Princess of Polish rivers” should be considered justified not only from historical, but also from an economic point of view.
PL
Współcześnie rzeka Przemsza nie zalicza się do rzek żeglownych. Jednakże nie zawsze tak było. W ciągu stuleci ten niewielki dopływ Wisły był ważną arterią rzeczną, która łączyła Chełmek – miasto w województwie małopolskim w powiecie oświęcimskim i otaczające miasta z basenu Wisły, dalej z Krakowem, Sandomierzem, a nawet Puławami. Rzeką Przemszą transportowane były towary przemysłowe, surowce, a także na niej rozwijała się turystyka rzeczna. Do warunków koniecznych, które pozwalały na żeglugę w ubiegłych czasach na tytułowej rzece, zaliczały się: uzyskanie stosownego pozwolenia od lokalnej władzy, przeprowadzenie odpowiedniej rewizji i uzyskanie patentu na statek (dla właściciela statku) oraz posiadanie patentu żeglarskiego wydawanego po zdanym egzaminie (dla kapitana statku). Wszystkie informacje o statkach (ich właścicielach, kapitanach, wynikach przeprowadzonych rewizji, dane o maksymalnej dopuszczalnej liczbie przewożonych osób oraz dane o maksymalnym poziomie zanurzenia załadowanego statku) były upublicznione i zachowały się w odpowiednich urzędach. Opisany sposób regulacji żeglugi nawet współcześnie wydaje się być celowy i skuteczny, a postulat wznowienia żeglugi na „Księżniczce polskich rzek” należy uznać za uzasadniony nie tylko z historycznego, ale także z ekonomicznego punktu widzenia.
EN
Researches above the history of coming into existence of the first housing estates, their development and forming state institutions in contemporary Ukraine and Europe are valuable memorial of the modern society. For the development of humanity is important to take control of water spaces by creating different kinds of swimming devices Kievan Rus’ and Kingdom of Galicia-Volhynia were huge “active” medieval countries in Europe, which did distant war expeditions. Wellknown facts of marine expeditions of ukrainian knyazes is confirm of the expedition on rivers Volga, Don, Donuа, Tisza, the Vistula, Bug ets. The stateowned fleet protected the own earth and went to the sea travels to territory neighbour states. Concluded international Kievan Rus’ and Byzantine Empire not only had a geopolitical meaning, but also were example of the early codification of norms of the maritime law, in which such values as the human life, his freedom and the property were protect.
PL
Badania naukowe nad historią powstawania pierwszych osiedli, ich rozwojem i tworzeniem instytucji państwowych na terenie współczesnej Ukrainy i Europy są cennymi atutami współczesnego społeczeństwa. Szczególną rolą dla rozwoju ludzkości jest opanowanie przestrzeni wodnych poprzez tworzenie różnych rodzajów „środków pływających”. Zaproponowano prawną analizę Rusi Kijowskiej i Księstwa Halicko-Włodzimierskiego jako potężnych „aktywnych” średniowiecznych europejskich państw, które podejmowały odległe wyprawy wojenne. Potwierdzeniem tego są znane fakty pieszych wypraw książąt ukraińskich za rzeki Wołga, Don, Dunaj, Cisa, Wisła, Bug, itp. Flota państwowa przeprowadzała obronę własnej ziemi i wprowadziła podróże morskie na terytorium sąsiednich i dalekich państw. Zawarte traktaty międzypaństwowe Rusi Kijowskiej i Bizancjum miały nie tylko znaczenie geopolityczne, ale służyły również jako przykłady wczesnej kodyfikacji norm prawa morskiego, w których wartości, takie jak życie ludzkie, jego wolność i własność były przedmiotem ochrony i zabezpieczenia.
EN
The article deals with a subject that is touched in the science of maritime law rarely. This subject is legal status of a deputy sea-going shipmaster. Scholars representing various sciences much more often investigate post of a shipmaster. Of course, genesis, history and symbols of shipmaster’s authority make also a part of the text. The author not only accentuates magnitude of powers of a shipmaster, but also finds arguments for existence of the post of his deputy. As well he reminds the sources of law that constituted such a post in the past. At the present time, deputy shipmaster’s office is based on hazy and incoherent source, because it is made of one statute (code) and one ordinance. Therefore the author tables a motion de lege ferenda for unmistakable and comprehensive legitimacy for the deputy shipmaster’s function, including the procedure of its assumption. Deputy shipmaster is respectable not less than a shipmaster.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy tematu rzadko poruszanego w nauce prawa morskiego w Polsce – prawnego statusu zastępcy kapitana statku morskiego. W odróżnieniu odeń przedmiotem gruntownych dociekań – i to z punktu widzenia rozmaitych nauk – jest kapitan statku. Autor nie może pozostać obojętny wobec tego stanowiska, kilka uwag poświęca zatem genezie, historii i symbolice kapitańskiej władzy. Zwracając przy tym uwagę na ogrom kompetencji kapitana, doszukuje się argumentów za funkcjonowaniem stanowiska jego zastępcy i wskazuje na istnienie takich funkcji na podstawie ustanawianych w przeszłości aktów prawnych. Jako że obecna podstawa istnienia urzędu zastępcy kapitana statku jest niespójna i mglista – stanowią ją dwa akty prawne rangi ustawy (kodeksu) i rozporządzenia – autor formułuje postulaty de lege ferenda jednoznacznego i wyczerpującego usankcjonowania zarówno samego stanowiska, jak i trybu jego obejmowania. Zastępca kapitana zasługuje na szacunek nie mniejszy niż kapitan.
EN
During archaeological research carried out in 2021 at 35 Wałowa Street in Gdańsk by the CRA Baltica Sp. z o. o. team under the direction of Piotr Gomulski, in the place of the former gasworks and the remains of the Shipyard Gate, within the flow around the post-medieval fortifications, two wrecks with construction solutions characteristic of two different boatbuilding traditions were uncovered. The wreck Wałowa 35.1 constitutes the remains of a large stave boat (length approx. 15 m, width approx. 3.5 m, height approx. 0.95 m), built using the shell-first technique after 1295 in a local Pomeranian boatbuilding workshop. From the original structure of the vessel stem, T-shaped keel, seven floors, two frames, five strakes of port side plating and six strakes of starboard side plating have been preserved. The staves were connected with wooden pins and sealed with moss. The stem was connected to the keel by a diagonal lock. In the upper surface of the keel, behind the lock, there is a characteristic rectangular hole to be used for attaching the clamps holding the first staves of the shell during the construction of the vessel. In the stem, in turn, there is a hole for attaching ropes to pull the vessel ashore. Inside the structure there was a fragment of a cleat (?), while inside and next to the wreck two bark floats were found. This vessel was used for sailing on the Vistula, fishing in inland and coastal waters of the Baltic Sea. The wreck Wałowa 35.2 constitutes the remains of a small ship (approx. 16.5 m long, 4.7 m wide, 1.35 m high) built using the shell-first technique after 1250 in the vicinity of Lund (Scania). From the original ship's structure survived fragment of stem with an opening for pulling the vessel ashore, T-shaped keel, 8 transverse bonds (including one frame with a keelson cut), 11 strakes of starboard side plating and five strakes of port side planting. The overlapping staves were connected by iron rivets with pads and sealed with sheep's hair. The transverse stiffening elements were connected to the keel by pins. The damage to the hull was repaired from the inside with slats pressed with iron clamps (type C2) and a woolen cloth soaked in tar or pitch. The stem was connected to the keel by a diagonal lock. The presence of a wreck from Scania in Gdańsk, along with other few boatbuilding monuments referring to the Scandinavian tradition, is an evidence of the contacts that took place in the second half of the 13th century and in the 14th century between the inhabitants of the Vistula River mouth and southern Scandinavia. Both vessels sank in the first half of the 14th century in the former Vistula riverbed. After the great flood in 1371, the old Vistula bed was used to create a wide moat, preceded in 1573 by a system of earthen embankments. It was probably during this period that the worn and abandoned wreck Wałowa 35.1 was nailed to the bottom by waterfront construction elements. The remains of the vessels discovered at ul. Wałowa 35, as well as the wrecks once discovered in Gdańsk, Orunia, Mechelinki and the medieval port in Puck, present an increasingly interesting and fuller database of medieval vessels sailing in the waters of the Gdańsk Bay. Diversified construction solutions observed in these wrecks are a valuable contribution to research not only on local boatbuilding, but also on cultural contacts in the Baltic Sea basin.
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