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The knobe effect from the perspective of thomistic ethics: the problem of normative orders and competences

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Waleszczyński A.

Studia Philosophiae Christianae

2020

vol. 56

issue S2

173-196

This article discusses how to interpret the so-called Knobe effect, which refers to the asymmetry in judgments about the intentionality of the side effects caused by one’s actions. The observed tendency is explained through the “moral undertone” of the actions judged. So far, discussions have mostly been held among philosophers in the analytical tradition, who see the theory of morality largely as an ethics of rules. The analysis developed in this article advances the research carried out so far to include teleological ethics, most notably the tradition of Thomistic ethics. Philosophical discussions address the problem of normative orders, focusing in particular on two types of cognition concerned, respectively, with moral judgments and facts. Investigating this issue proves to be helpful not only to explain the Knobe effect, but also to better understand the very notion of an intentional action as employed in the philosophy of action. As a result of this analysis, the Author explains the existing asymmetry in the attribution of intentionality to actions with the respondents’ confusion between cognitive orders. This problem brings us to the issue of normative competences. In analyzing the Knobe effect, normative competences would be responsible for the classification of the data collected and separation of the “purely informative” order from the order of moral judgments, referring to norms or values.

To vaccinate or not to vaccinate – BNT162b2 seroconversion rate and side effects among Polish healthcare workers

100%

Siewert B., Szabat A., Chądzińska-Cebula M., Purpurowicz-Miękus N., Sujkowski P., Spachacz R., Dworacki G., Wysocki J., Januszkiewicz-Lewandowska D., Gowin E.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

2022

vol. 35

issue 6

761-766

Objectives The study aimed to analyze the effect of BNT162b2 vaccination among Polish healthcare workers in terms of serologic response and adverse events. Material and Methods A questionnaire survey covered data in the period January 1–March 31, 2021 gathered in 2 hospitals in Wielkopolska, Poland. Additionally, serological analysis (SARS-CoV-2 anti-S protein IgG) was performed. Results A total of 617 medical workers were vaccinated with BNT162b2 (Comirnaty, Pfizer). Data from the questionnaires were received from all of the staff after the first and the second dose. No severe side effects were observed. The most common side effect following the first and second doses of vaccination was pain at the injection site. After the first dose, 3 (1.4 %) women aged 18–55 years, 5 women (3.9 %), and 3 men (8.3 %) aged >55 years had negative SARS-CoV-2 anti-S protein IgG result. After the second dose, all those who agreed to have antibodies tested responded to vaccination with positive SARS-CoV-2 anti-S protein IgG results. Conclusions Vaccination tolerance was good in the studied population; no severe side effects were observed. After the second dose, all tested healthcare workers responded to vaccination with antibody production.

Efekt Knobe’a z perspektywy etyki tomistycznej. Problem porządków i kompetencji normatywnych

67%

Waleszczyński A.

Studia Philosophiae Christianae

2018

vol. 54

issue 1

65-92

This article discusses how to interpret the so-called Knobe effect, which refers to the asymmetry in judgments about the intentionality of the side effects caused by one’s actions. The observed tendency is explained through the “moral undertone” of the actions judged. So far, discussions have mostly been held among philosophers in the analytical tradition, who see the theory of morality largely as an ethics of rules. The analysis developed in this article advances the research carried out so far to include teleological ethics, most notably the tradition of Thomistic ethics. Philosophical discussions address the problem of normative orders, focusing in particular on two types of cognition concerned, respectively, with moral judgments and facts. Investigating this issue proves to be helpful not only to explain the Knobe effect, but also to better understand the very notion of an intentional action as employed in the philosophy of action. As a result of this analysis, the Author explains the existing asymmetry in the attribution of intentionality to actions with the respondents’ confusion between cognitive orders. This problem brings us to the issue of normative competences. In analysing the Knobe effect, normative competences would be responsible for the classification of the data collected and separation of the “purely informative” order from the order of moral judgments, referring to norms or values.

W artykule podjęty zostaje problem interpretacji tzw. efektu Knobe’a, czyli pojawiającej się asymetrii w orzekaniu o intencjonalności wywołania skutku ubocznego. Występująca tendencja jest wyjaśniana „zabarwieniem moralnym” ocenianych czynów. Do tej pory dyskusje prowadzone były głównie wśród filozofów, którzy w znacznej mierze teorię moralności postrzegają jako etykę zasad. W artykule analizy rozszerzają dotychczasowe badania o nurt teleologiczny w etyce, a w szczególności o tradycję etyki tomistycznej. Dociekania filozoficzne koncentrują się na problemie porządków normatywnych, a w szczególności na dwóch typach poznania: informującego o ocenie moralnej i informującego o faktach. Zbadanie tego zagadnienia okazuje się pomocne nie tylko dla poszukiwań wyjaśnienia efektu Knobe’a, ale także lepszego zrozumienia samego zagadnienia intencjonalnego działania stosowanego w filozofii działania. W rezultacie występowanie asymetrii w przypisywaniu intencjonalności działaniom autor tłumaczy mieszaniem porządków poznawczych, które można sprowadzić do zagadnienia kompetencji normatywnych. Przy analizowaniu efektu Knobe’a kompetencje normatywne odpowiadałyby za rozróżnianie zbieranych danych poznawczych oraz porządku „czysto informującego” od porządku oceniającego, odnoszącego się do norm lub wartości.

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2 Studia Philosophiae Christianae

1 International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

2 Waleszczyński A.

1 Chądzińska-Cebula M.

1 Dworacki G.

1 Gowin E.

1 Januszkiewicz-Lewandowska D.

1 Purpurowicz-Miękus N.

1 Siewert B.

1 Spachacz R.

1 Sujkowski P.

1 Szabat A.

1 Wysocki J.

1 2022

1 2020

1 2018

Search results

The knobe effect from the perspective of thomistic ethics: the problem of normative orders and competences

To vaccinate or not to vaccinate – BNT162b2 seroconversion rate and side effects among Polish healthcare workers

Efekt Knobe’a z perspektywy etyki tomistycznej. Problem porządków i kompetencji normatywnych