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EN
The necessity of providing a signature under a request for public information has become a subject of a dispute both in the doctrine and judicial decisions. Pursuant to the provisions of the Act on the access to public information, refusal to provide this information or discontinuance of proceedings must be issued in the form of an administrative decision. Since the form of giving the public information wasn’t determined, it is often stated that in the case of positive consideration of an application, regulations of the Code of Administrative Procedure, should not be followed, which also concerns the formal requirements of an application. Due to the fact that refusing access to the public information and abandoning proceedings both take the form of an administrative decision, there is no doubt that provisions of the Code of Administrative Procedure should be applied. This interpretation may become the reason for many difficulties for an entity obligated to issue public information in case the application is rejected, especially when the application is missing the signature of the applicant.
EN
The Potocki of Krzeszowice Family Archive held in the National Archives in Krakow contains an inventory of kontush sashes compiled by Krystyna Potocka née Tyszkiewicz (1866-1952). The collection was created by Katarzyna Potocka née Branicka, the wife of Adam (1825-1907), for her son Andrzej. Many sashes came from family possessions; others were gifts from friends or purchases from antique dealers. The collection was first sketchily described by Katarzyna Potocka herself, and then in years 1898-1904 by Andrzej Potocki's wife Krystyna. It was she who compiled a kind of an inventory, with 133 entries written on 135 wide-lined pages of a notebook, one page dedicated to each sash. The description accurately depicts characteristic features of the items, with notes on their size, make, colours, decoration and the state of preservation. Signatures have been meticulously copied and some entries are even accompanied by drawings of the most interesting details, placed besides the signatures.
EN
The effects of cataractus vision on handwriting performance are evaluated. Six cata-ract patients were enrolled with an average age of 74.8 yrs and completed a specially designed questionnaire with samples of their signature pre-operatively and three-months post-operatively. The signatures were analyzed through a four-eye principle peer re-viewed examination focusing on six basic general characteristics of writing (line quality, general design, size, arrangements, spacing and slant) and their sub-elements. The quali-tative analysis showed that cataractus vision causes a decrease of line quality and differ-ences between the pre- and post- surgical samples on the sub-element of size. General design, intra-allograph ratio and slant were not influenced by the compromised vision.
EN
Implementation of IT solutions in administrative proceedings serves to accelerate and facilitate citizens’ access to public services and ensures the most convenient citizen contact with the office thanks to the adaptation process of the institution to new technologies. The possibility of using an electronic method of service is an expression of adapting administration to the needs of modern society. The exercise of this institution is simple and gives the ability to settle the matter very quickly.
5
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Problem podpisu pod dokumentem urzędowym

75%
PL
Podpis jest elementem konstytutywnym zarówno dokumentu urzędowego, jak i prywatnego, sporządzonego na nośniku papierowym oraz elektronicznym. Jego brak nie pozwoli na urzeczywistnienie woli wystawcy dokumentu, gdyż będzie on stanowił przeszkodę wprowadzenia dokumentu do obrotu prawnego. Problematykę podpisu jako części składowej dokumentu należy rozpatrywać na różnych płaszczyznach i w porównaniu z innymi znakami graficznymi – parafami. Podstawowymi zagadnieniami dotyczącymi tej problematyki będą: pojęcie podpisu, jego funkcje, treść podpisu, posługiwanie się jego skrótem bądź podpisem nieczytelnym, porównanie podpisu i parafy. Dalszymi kwestiami, nie mniej istotnymi, są klasyfikacja dokumentów i pojęcie dokumentu urzędowego, a także konsekwencje prawne związane z nieprzestrzeganiem wymogów prawnych co do treści i formy podpisu.
EN
A signature is a constitutive element of both public and private documents drawn up on paper or electronically. Its absence disables the materialisation of the document’s subject as it poses an obstacle during the introduction of the document into legal transactions. The issue of the signature as a constitutive element of a document should be examined at different levels and it should be compared to other visual elements – check signatures. The basic topics concerning this subject are: the notion of a signature, its functions, its content, using initials or illegible signatures, comparison between a signature and a check signature. Other matters of no less importance are document classifications and the public document notion as well as the legal consequences of non-compliance with legal requirements concerning the content and form of a signature.
EN
In his paper “The Attraction of Hesitating Between the Virtual and the Possible” Jozef Cseres reflects upon four different ephemeral art strategies in Slovak intermedia art – the social happening of Stano Filko (b. 1934), the visual and action music of Milan Adamčiak (b. 1946), the simulated art museum of Michal Murin (b. 1963), and the extreme performances of József R. Juhász (b. 1963). Dealing with these fragile manifestations of conceptual and performance art, he finds interesting affinities between the extreme social positions of the actual art and the poststructuralist discourse of humanities, mainly reflected by a process of interpretations of the world coined by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari. This kind of art is ephemeral and fragile not only in terms of its forms but also in terms of communication and presentation. That’s why it often requires and uses specific institutional frameworks, ways and means. Often it is difficult or even impossible to integrate this kind of art into the conventional cultural running of establishments. Moreover, the ephemeral art forms played and still play an important role in political life due to their ability to reflect actual social issues in an unbiased way, using inventive persuasive means that attract people frustrated by corrupted politics and sordid mass media games. Ephemeral art is open-minded and resists the current art world consolidated and corrupted by technocratic and trendy curators and their commissioned “art” commodities. Whether this resistance will survive a global crisis of representation is of course questionable, but hope in the ability of art to transform itself to new kind of sensibility, corresponding with our postmodern condition, still lives.
EN
Emblem as a genre composed of words and images is an extremely interesting research object. Hidden in the allegorical picture content is being developed and read in two stages: the inscription — which is often quote (taken out of the works of well–known authors), and signature — presenting the author’s thoughts about the complexity of the world, human and their physical and metaphysical relationships. Article shows how the allegorical picture hides or reveals creator’s reflections, how the correlation between words and ideas with the image looks like, as well as legibility (or illegibility) of artistic vision in itself helps (and whether it helps) in the interpretation of the text. Also tries to answer the question of whether and how in today’s “pictorial culture”, the young recipient is able to read and interpret old Polish emblems.
EN
Analyses of electronic biometric signatures constitute an innovation in forensics. The aim of the study described in this article was to determine whether it is possible to categorically confirm or exclude both the authenticity and the execution of handwritten biometric electronic signatures. Several-year-long research on various types of electronic signatures has made it possible to formulate categorical conclusions in this area. The article defines and determines the terminological scope of the biometric electronic signature concept within the widely understood electronic signatures. The analyses of biometric signatures were based on the graphical-comparative method commonly used in the traditional model of handwriting analysis. The only modification consisted in replacing the set of motoric features with biometric features, which turned out to be necessary for a categorical opinion on this matter. Study results described in the text allow for quantitative examination within analysis of manuscripts thus enabling issuing a categorical opinion. The biometric features of handwriting identified entirely by means of digital data ought to contribute to the elimination of any bias that might exist on the part of an expert.
PL
Analizy elektronicznych podpisów biometrycznych są innowacją w ramach badań kryminalistycznych. Celem opisanych w artykule badań było ustalenie, czy możliwe jest kategoryczne potwierdzenie lub wykluczenie zarówno autentyczności, jak i wykonawstwa własnoręcznych biometrycznych podpisów elektronicznych. Kilkuletnie badania różnego typu podpisów elektronicznych pozwoliły na kategoryczne opiniowanie w tej dziedzinie. Artykuł definiuje i określa zakres terminologiczny pojęcia biometrycznego podpisu elektronicznego w ramach szeroko rozumianych podpisów elektronicznych. Analiza podpisów biometrycznych oparta została na metodzie graficzno-porównawczej wykorzystywanej powszechnie w tradycyjnym modelu analizy pismoznawczej. Jedyna zmiana polegała na rozszerzeniu zespołu cech motorycznych o cechy biometryczne, które okazały się niezbędne do kategorycznego opiniowania w tym zakresie. Opisane w materiale wyniki badań pozwalają na badania ilościowe w ramach analizy rękopisów umożliwiające kategoryczne opiniowanie. Biometryczne cechy pisma określane w całości za pomocą danych liczbowych powinny przyczynić się do wyeliminowania ewentualnej stronniczości biegłego.
EN
The article concerns the issue of the compulsory nature of signatures affixed under complaints, motions and petitions. The author notices that in the light of the literal interpretation of binding legal standards, apart from complaints and motions filed orally for the record, complaints, motions and petitions lodged both by means of electronic communication and in a traditional way do not require the signature of the claimant (person acting on behalf of the claimant). The author indicates that regulations concerning complaints, motions and petitions do not provide for the possibility of summoning the claimant to affix a missing signature, and do not give obvious (unquestioned) grounds to apply in such a case to motions and summons auxiliary regulations applicable to general administrative proceedings, in which a signature is obligatory. It is possible only in the case of following systematic and purposive interpretation. Finally, the author emphasises that regulations concerning petitions cannot determine the status of the claimant due to the manner of submission.
PL
Artykuł podejmuje zagadnienie obligatoryjności podpisu składanego pod skargami, wnioskami i petycjami. Autor zauważa, że w świetle wykładni literalnej obowiązujących norm prawnych poza skargami i wnioskami składanymi ustnie do protokołu, skargi, wnioski i petycje składane zarówno za pośrednictwem środków komunikacji elektronicznej, jak i w sposób tradycyjny nie wymagają podpisu wnoszącego (osoby działającej w imieniu wnoszącego). Wskazuje, że przepisy właściwe w sprawach skarg, wniosków i petycji nie przewidują możliwości wezwania wnoszącego do uzupełnienia podpisu, ani nie dają oczywistej (bezdyskusyjnej) podstawy do tego, by w tej sprawie posiłkowo stosować przepisy do podań i wezwań, właściwe dla ogólnego postępowania administracyjnego, w którym podpis jest obligatoryjny. Możliwe jest to wyłącznie przy zastosowaniu wykładni systemowej i celowościowej. Autor podkreśla, że przepisy dotyczące samych petycji nie mogą różnicować statusu wnoszącego z racji formy złożenia.
EN
This article aims at introducing the complex nature of handwriting examination for judicial purposes and the resulting competences which ahandwriting expert must have. The knowledge of neurophysiological conditioning of handwriting strokes, together with the knowledge of inks, their physical and chemical reactions with surfaces on which handwriting is applied, techniques allowing their observation and acquiring clear enlarged photographic images are indispensable for acorrect expert examination, explanation of how the conclusions were arrived at and illustrating the results. Appropriate selection of techniques of acquiring images requires not only the knowledge of optical and lighting equipment but also practical skills in its appropriate use. Thus, handwriting examination combines the knowledge from various areas: neurophysiology of movement, psychology of handwriting, chemistry, physics and use of optical equipment, which together guaran­tee objective and reliable examination yielding correct results.
PL
Urządzenia multimedialne, takie jak smartfony czy tablety, stały się nieodłącznym elementem życia codziennego i wykorzystywane są chociażby do obsługiwania bankowości elektronicznej, komunikowania się, pracy czy innych czynności. Składanie skutecznych oświadczeń woli za pomocą urządzeń elektronicznych z dostępem do Internetu stało się standardem w świecie biznesu, pomimo tego wykorzystanie urządzeń multimedialnych w celu złożenia skutecznego oświadczenia woli np. w formie testamentu w większości państw europejskich wciąż nie jest możliwe z uwagi na brak ustawodawstwa w tym zakresie. Ponadto sporządzeniu testamentu z wykorzystaniem urządzeń umożliwiających komunikację elektroniczną zarzuca się między innymi brak możliwości identyfikacji osoby testatora oraz ryzyko nieuprawnionego dostępu do rozrządzeń mortis causa. Jednak rozwój technologii biometrycznych oraz ich zastosowanie w narzędziach takich jak chociażby długopis cyfrowy, który oprócz złożenia podpisu pozwala na zbieranie, rozpoznawanie i porównywanie behawioralnych cech biometrycznych, umożliwia jednoznaczną identyfikację osoby sygnatariusza. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono możliwości zastosowania we współczesnym prawie spadkowym rozwiązań opartych na systemach biometrycznych, umożliwiających zarówno potwierdzenie tożsamości osoby testatora, jak i uwierzytelnienie oraz lepsze zabezpieczenie samego testamentu, opierając się na rozwiązaniach wprowadzonych w poszczególnych ustawodawstwach prawnospadkowych.
EN
Electronic devices such as smartphone, tablets or laptops have become integral part of living, majority of population use them on daily basis for banking, communicating, working and others. Making an effective and binding declaring thru the internet became standard procedure in business world; nevertheless, use of electronic devise to make an, legally binding statement for example testament in most of European countries is not possible due to lock of the required legislation. Moreover, electronic communication has a flaw of inability to confirm an identity of individual in effective and accessible whey; one may argue, that commonly known and used means are archaic and do not provided level of assureds required for making a legal statement which has an impact on ownership of the property after the death of testator. However, emerging biometrics technology such as electronic biometric pen which store additionally characteristic for a given person, combined to behavioral biometric profiles, impossible to catch with a traditional signature, by this electronica signature is almost unmistakable in distinguishing the person who made the signature. This article will provide a revive of information about the biometric technology which can be used in inheritance law, on the background of the existing legislation form different countries.
Porównania
|
2018
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vol. 23
|
issue 2
259-278
EN
This article focuses on the presence of mythological imagination in the work of one of the greatest post-war painters. The author defines the myth present in the works of Andrzej Wróblewski created in the 1940s and 1950s. The author presents three possible ways of understanding the myth: the myth of Orpheus, the myth of a lonely artist and the myth of a new cosmos. The author also discusses other problems: the status of his paintings in contemporary criticism, the reverse of artistic biography and languages of modernism from the 1950s.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł koncentruje się na obecności wyobraźni mitologicznej w twórczości jednego z najwybitniejszych malarzy powojennych. Autorka podejmuje w nim próbę zdefiniowania mitu obecnego w dziełach Andrzeja Wróblewskiego powstałych w latach czterdziestych i pięćdziesiątych. Zwraca uwagę na trzy możliwe sposoby jego odczytania. Stąd omówieniom poddaje mit orficki, mit odrzuconego artysty oraz mit nowego kosmosu. Interpretacja sztuki Andrzeja Wróblewskiego skierowana jest dodatkowo na omówienie kilku problemów, między innymi: statusu jego obrazów we współczesnej krytyce, rewersów biografii artystycznej, a także języków modernizmu, jakie od lat pięćdziesiątych funkcjonują w opowieściach o malarzu.
Journal of Pedagogy
|
2010
|
vol. 1
|
issue 2
11-28
EN
Writing is often considered secondary to the spoken language, as it is only coded sound-by-sound. But other scholars have demonstrated that writing is similar to ‘arithmetic’: a cognitive structuring, a shift to the meta-level (‘for the eye’). Handwriting (referred to here as the cursive writing in the sense of joined up handwriting, of ‘écriture liée’) differs from writing (in the first analysis): it has its own grammar composed of paradigmatic gestemes and tracemes and its own syntagmatic rules that connect them. In emotional terms, handwriting is designed to provide a special pleasure by its own drive (instinct, ‘Trieb’). But there is also cognitive aspect to it: the rapidity and fluidity of a cursive writing could be (in professional writing, for instance) more important (at the climax of the creative process) than it being legible for all eternity. The project of the new handwriting reform for Czech schools, abolishing the liaison between letters, is shown to be a modern and technically simplified form of calligraphy.
EN
This article attempts to address the three consequences of circumcising Leptines – a protagonist of Teodor Parnicki’s two novels – with regard to physicality (or eroticism), social issues (antisemitism), and identity. At the same time, it is argued that Leptines is not only one of the first hybrid protagonist in Parnicki’s fiction; in fact, the persistence in creating corresponding heroes and the similarities they share might suggest that Leptines functions also as the author’s signature.
PL
W tekście podjęta zostaje próba pokazania konsekwencji obrzezania Leptynesa, bohatera dwóch powieści Teodora Parnickiego, na trzech polach: fizycznym (erotycznym), społecznym (antysemityzm), tożsamości. Jednocześnie wskazuje się, że Leptynes nie tylko jest jednym z pierwszych bohaterów‑mieszańców w prozie Parnickiego, ale także ich życiorysy są takpodobne, że można przyjąć, iż Leptynes stanowi rodzaj sygnatury pisarza w jego tekstach.
15
51%
PL
W dyskusji nad potrzebą i zakresem ewentualnej reformy regulacji formy czynności prawnych nie można tracić z pola widzenia podstawowych celów tej regulacji. Ma ona wskazywać przypadki, w których konieczne jest zachowanie formy szczególnej, określać na czym polega jej dochowanie i ustalać skutki niedochowania formy. Chociaż przepisy dotyczące formy mają niejednorodny charakter, z perspektywy legislacyjnej powinny być traktowane jako całość. Mając to na uwadze, artykuł porusza wybrane problemy regulacji formy czynności prawnych. Jego przedmiotem nie jest jednak ani szczegółowa analiza konkretnych przepisów, ani zaproponowanie rozwiązań de lege ferenda. Podstawowym celem opracowania jest zwrócenie uwagi na konieczność poszukiwania takich kierunków rozwiązań legislacyjnych, które zapewniałyby klarowność regulacji oraz jej systemową spójność i które mogłyby zostać przyjęte bez względu na ustalony model regulacji prawnej.
EN
In the discussion on the need and scope of the possible reform of form requirements regulations, one must not lose sight of the basic purposes of these regulations. It is intended to indicate cases in which it is necessary to maintain a specific form, to determine what is necessary to maintain it and to determine the consequences of failure of a specific form. Although the provisions on the form are heterogeneous in nature, they should be considered as the whole from a legislative perspective. Considering this, the article deals with selected problems of form requirements regulations. However, it is neither a detailed analysis of specific provisions nor a proposal for de lege ferenda solutions. The main aim of the study is to draw attention to the need to look for such directions of legislative solutions which would ensure the clarity of regulation and its systemic coherence and which could be adopted regardless of the established model of legal regulations.
EN
In 1947 F. Smend has developed the theory about numerological symbolism in Bach`s music. In similar way to the cabalistic gematria, he discovered, the coinherence of symbolic name Bach as the number 14, and J.S.Bach as 41. He claimed, that it is possible to find that Bach has used that symbolism in his compositions. The exaple of this operation is possible to find in the first part of ClavierUbung: this work is made from 41 movements, and was published as the first printed work from Bach in his life. And Bach started to write this work, as he was 41 years old. On the Hausmann painting, Bach has got the manuscript contain fragment of 14 canons. The painting was made because of Bach`s joining as 14th member to the Mitzler Society. Those simple conclusions lead to establish the international searching group for common platform for music, theology and symbolical numbers in Bach`s ouvre. This group has mainly researched the text-based works, and didn`t focus on the correspondence among the series-work of Bach. Profesor Christoph Bossert with his over 20 years of his research work discovered the special code, which Bach might to used for his compositions. Based on that discoveries, he constitute the Bach-Societät group, which is focused on researches and discovering connections among the theology, symbolism and musical structures in whole Bach`s music.
PL
In 1947 Friedrich Smend has developed the theory about numerological symbolism in Bach’s music. In similar way to the cabalistic gematria, he discovered, the coinherence of symbolic name “Bach” as the number 14, and “J.S.Bach” as 41. He claimed that it is possible to find that Bach has used that symbolism in his compositions. The exaple of this operation is possible to find in the first part of ClavierÜbung: this work is made from 41 movements, and was published as the first printed work from Bach in his life. And Bach started to write this work as he was 41 years old. On the Hausmann painting, Bach has got the manuscript contain fragment of 14 canons. The painting was made because of Bach’s joining as 14th member to the Mitzler Society. Those simple conclusions lead to establish the international searching group for common platform for music, theology and symbolical numbers in Bach’s ouvre. This group has mainly researched the text-based works, and did not focus on the correspondence among the series-work of Bach. Profesor Christoph Bossert with his over 20 years of his research work discovered the special code, which Bach might to used for his compositions. Based on that discoveries, he constitute the Bach-Societät group, which is focused on researches and discovering connections among the theology, symbolism and musical structures in whole Bach’s music.
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