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EN
Enculturation in cognitive studies perspective: Enculturation is an idea that emphasizes the significant influence of the cultural environment on cognitive processes. In the background of empirical research on the border of cultural anthropology and neuroscience, some scholars are trying to identify neural structures that may participate in the process of assimilating cultural information. In the paper, I shall argue that the concept of enculturation, as part of the situated cognition, can be enriched with the idea of affordances (in particular cultural and conventional affordances). In the first part, I present briefly the concept of enculturation as an approach that fits in the 4E. Then I characterize the concept of a cultural niche as a landscape of cultural affordances. In the second part, I consider a possible neurobiological mechanism of the discussed processes. Referring to the concept of Paul Cisk who has shown a possible neurobiological mechanism of the realization of motor affordances, it has been proposed that conventional affordances can be realized in a similar way. For this purpose, I shall discuss the concept of cortical-subcortical loops as a broader proposal compared to the concept of Cisk. According to it, motor, emotional and cognitive processes function in an integrated manner.
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(Co robi) kognitywista w supermarkecie

100%
Avant
|
2012
|
vol. 3
|
issue T
149-156
EN
The central area of David Kirsh’s interest is the various ways in which humans use elements of their environment as external components of computation processes or means enabling them to reduce the complexity of cognitive problems they face. in his research he performs field observations as well as laboratory experiments. Kirsh skillfully blends concepts developed in contemporary cognitive science, such as situated cognition or extended mind, with classic concepts including problem solving. A number of his theses seam to derive from „good, old fashioned” computationalism; however, this does not prevent him from demonstrating how cognitive „computations” assume not only reasonings, but also use of cognitive artifacts, bodies or the space itself. In the current issue of AVANT we present two texts authored by Kirsh.
EN
The present paper aims at presenting Jean Jacques Rousseau as an anthropologist of modernity. I argue that between his Confessions and other works concerning origins of the social order there is an inner connection which determined his mode of the social world knowing. I propose to define this mode by use of the contemporary concept of socially situated cognition. The epistemological restriction of situated cognition is an ontological opportunity to grasp the complexity of the social world without reducing it to the object as a result of synthetic capabilities of enlightened reason. Thus the main problem of Confessions can be read as the question: What kind of inner work researcher should perform to achieve the self-ruling position which enables him to look at the social world from an uninvolved point of view? I claim that Rousseau in Confessions as well as in other his works makes the same work. On the one hand, he reconstructs his own social situation as a scholar what makes him a contemporary anthropologist who penetrates mentally numerous social worlds. On the other hand, he also writes as an enlightened lawmaker, who proposes a new social participation as the universal form of political community. Therefore the craft of writing of confessions, memories, etc. becomes a simple tool which enables the relentless process of self-reference on practical and theoretical levels of science, especially social science.
PL
Celem niniejszej pracy jest zaprezentowanie Jana Jakuba Rousseau jako antropologa nowoczesności. Twierdzę, że pomiędzy pisaniem Wyznań a pozostałymi pracami Rousseau, dotyczącymi źródeł pochodzenia porządku społecznego, istnieje wewnętrzny związek, który określa jego sposób poznania tego, co społeczne. Proponuję zdefiniować ów sposób jako poznanie usytuowane społecznie. Epistemologiczne ograniczenia związane z poznaniem usytuowanym stanowią ontologiczną szansę na uchwycenie złożoności społecznej bez redukowania jej do przedmiotu jako efektu syntetycznych zdolności oświeconego rozumu. Stąd też zawartość Wyznań można odczytywać jako pytanie: jakiego rodzaju prace powinien wykonać badacz, by osiągnąć autonomiczną pozycję, która pozwala spoglądać na świat społeczny z lotu ptaka? Twierdzę, że Rousseau w Wyznaniach i innych pracach wykonuje tę samą pracę pisania. Z jednej strony, rekonstruuje swoją własną sytuację społeczną jako myśliciela, co czyni go współczesnym antropologiem, który wnika w wielość światów społecznych. Z drugiej jednak strony, pisze również jak oświecony prawodawca, proponując nowy sposób przynależności społecznej jako uniwersalną postać politycznej wspólnoty. Stąd też rzemiosło pisania wspomnień, wyznań, listów, luźno formułowanych myśli itd. – swoistego rodzaju bycie-w-świecie każdego badacza – staje się prostym narzędziem, które umożliwia nieustający proces samo-odniesienia w praktyczno-teoretycznym wymiarze pracy naukowej, zwłaszcza w obszarze nauk społecznych.
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