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My jsme tři, jich je pět

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EN
The number “five” plays an important role in Czech. This is caused by the perception of the world by human brain. It can perceive particular elements as unconnected, individual, up to the amount of four, inclusive. Starting with the number five, the brain stops to differentiate such elements as individual; they merge and therefore the brain perceives the given set of elements globally as a whole. This is manifested both in the declension (the number five and higher numbers are followed by plural nouns in genitive) and in the use of certain expressions (“rok” [year], “léta” [years]) or phraseology.
CS
V češtině hraje důležitou roli množství (počet) pět. Tato skutečnost souvisí s vnímáním okolního světa lidským mozkem. Ten je schopen vnímat jednotlivé prvky jako nespojité, individuální, do množství čtyři včetně. Počtem pět počínaje ovšem mozek přestává ony prvky rozlišovat jako jednotlivé, splývají mu, a proto pojímá příslušnou množinu globálně, jako celek. To se projevuje jak v deklinaci (po číslovce pět a vyšších následuje počítaný předmět v genitivu plurálu), tak v užívání některých výrazů (rok, léta) či ve frazeologii.
2
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Šel do světa na zkušenou

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EN
In Czech, so called noun (substantive) adjec tives belong to substantives. Concerning their forms, they are declined as adjec tives, relating to one of the noun genders. Some of these noun adjec tives are similar to real adjectives question – they can occur in all grammatical cases in communication. The other noun adjec tives lost their adjective features. Some of these former adjectives, especially those feminine ones, occur in different adverbial meanings and are connected with a particular grammatical case only.
CS
V češtině se mezi substantiva řadí i tzv. sub stantivizovaná přídavná jména. Po formální stránce se skloňují jako adjektiva, náležejí vždy k jednomu z jmenných rodů. Některá z těchto pojmenování se blíží reálným přídavným jménům; v komunikaci se mohou vyskytovat ve všech pádech. Jiná substantivizovaná adjektiva už svoji adjektivní povahu ztratila. Část těchto původních adjektiv, hlavně ženského rodu, se v řečové praxi vyskytuje v různých adverbiálních významech a jsou vázána pouze na určitý pád.
3
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Divil se babiččinu důchodu

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Bohemistyka
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2017
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issue 3
266-269
EN
We distinguish a lot of dialect variations among the forms of Czech possessive adjectives. Speakers often substitute a mixed declension (paradigm otcův – father´s) for a compound declension (paradigm dobrý – good) in everyday communication. The article brings attention to the fact that in case of a female possessor in the connection with masculine or neuter nouns, sometimes a colloquial ending -ě is used (Divil se babiččině důchodu – He was surprised by his grandmother´s pension) instead of a standard ending -u (Divil se babiččinu důchodu). However, this phenomenon is mentioned only by few Czech grammar books.
CS
Ve formách českých přídavných jmen přivlastňovacích nalézáme řadu nářečních variant. V běžné komunikaci dochází k tomu, že mluvčí často nahrazují smíšené skloňování (vzor otcův) deklinací složenou (vzor dobrý). Článek upozorňuje na skutečnost, že se v dativu singuláru někdy objevuje v případě přivlastňování ženskému posesorovi ve spojení s podstatnými jmény rodu mužského a středního kolokviální koncovka -ě (Divil se babiččině důchodu) namísto spisovné koncovky -u (Divil se babiččinu důchodu). Na tuto skutečnost ale upozorňuje pouze minimum českých gramatik.
4
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Trajectories of change in paradigmatic cells in Czech

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EN
We examine a well-known phenomenon in the development of the Czech nominal declension system: the gradual supplanting of the original o-stem ending in the locative singular with the u-stem ending. We observe that, contrary to expectations from the literature based primarily on studies of English, this shift has been in progress for a millennium and, in the high-frequency nouns for which we have enough data to observe, the opposing trend is also frequently in evidence: the o-stem ending is introduced to lexemes where it was not found earlier. In the absence of a single, overriding motivation that could have derailed this shift from following the classic ‘S-curve’ pattern, we propose re-examining the retextualization model as a more fitting one for the complex interaction of factors and forms found in languages with complex inflectional morphology.
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
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2016
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vol. 99
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issue 5
256-268
EN
The article is concerned with the graphic aspect of acronym usage in standard written Czech. It focuses on the abbreviations which can be pronounced not only when spelled out, but also as a single unit. The survey examines the competition of various acronyms’ declension forms in particular case positions, both in the case of abbreviations ending with a consonant (type ČEZ) and those ending with a vowel (types UNESCO and IKEA) for which contemporary handbooks and linguistic description allow the addition of case endings only in spoken Czech. The study shows that some types of acronyms also tend to be declined in standard written Czech contexts and analyzes the tension between preserving the abbreviation’s graphic integrity and treating it as an ordinary word written in lower case form. The results lead to the adjustment of some existing statements on acronyms.
EN
The inflection of Japanese names such as Masaharu or Čikamacu might prove difficult for some Czech speakers. Grammars of Czech state that Japanese masculine personal names ending with -u should belong to the “pán” declension paradigm and that the final -u should be preserved in all cases. Using the data from the corpus SYN v7 and a corpus of websites focusing on Japanese comics and cartoons, the presented paper draws a comparison between the usage represented by published written texts, and by texts unaffected by editorial adjustments and produced by speakers who are active users of the names in question. The data from SYN v7 shows a strong preference for preserving the final -u (in accordance with the codification), while the data from websites displays the opposite tendency.
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