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EN
Aims. The aim of the study was to find out: 1. What is the pattern of diurnal preferences of university students (the pattern of diurnal preferences as quantities and distribution of diurnal preference types)? 2. Are sleep habits (sleep mode, hours of sleep and bedtime) conditioned by diurnal preferences? 3. Are preferred learning time and learning success conditioned by the types of diurnal preferences? Research sample and method. The research sample consisted of university students (n=96) administered by The Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire MEQ (Horne, Östberg, 1976) and Sleeping Habits Questionnaire: Self-Statement Questionnaire SN - Sleeping Habits (Sarmány- Schuller, 1996). Hypotheses. Morning-type students have a more regular sleep mode compared to the eveningtype students. There exists a difference in the preferred learning time between morning-type and evening-type students. Morning-type students prefer learning during the day and the evening type students prefer learning in the evening. There is also a difference in the study success between the students of these chronotypes. Morning-type students have better average study results than the evening-type ones. Statistical analyses. Statistical processing methods were: A. Descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentage, minimum and maximum values, averages and standard deviations, median, histogram, bar chart, variability, pivot tables). B. Inferential statistics: t-test, chi-square homogeneity test, variance analysis, Kruskal-Wallis test, Cramer coefficient of contingency (V), coefficient of mean difference (d and eta), Bayes factor (BF). The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS and JASP. Research results. The distribution of the summation index of the students’ diurnal preferences refers to the normality of distribution. The distributions of the subjectively identified types of diurnal preferences are not statistically significantly different. At the level of the diurnal preference index, the subjectively identified types differ statistically significantly, but they differ only partially materially. The distributions according to sleep mode do not differ significantly as regards the types of diurnal preferences. The average sleep time is very similar in each type. Among the types of preferences, there is a statistically and materially significant difference between the average bedtimes. The distributions of preferred learning time and study results do not differ significantly regarding the types of diurnal preferences. Research limitations. The obtained data on the factors related to the study success are important. However the present conclusions regarding the sleep habits are processed solely on the basis of the self-assessment scale. The research results are valid only for the research sample under investigation.
SK
Ciele. Cieľom štúdie bolo zistiť: 1. Aký je obraz diurnálnych preferencií vysokoškolských študentiek (obraz diurnálnych preferencií ako veličiny i distribúcia typov diurnálnych preferencií)? 2. Existuje podmienenosť spánkových návykov (spánkový režim, hodiny spánku a hodina ukladania sa k spánku) diurnálnymi preferenciami? 3. Existuje podmienenosť preferovanej doby učenia sa a študijnej úspešnosti typmi diurnálnych preferencií? Súbor a metóda. Výskumný súbor tvorili univerzitné študentky (n = 96), u ktorých autori administrovali Dotazník ranných a večerných typov (Horne, Östberg, 1976) a Sebavýpoveďovú škálu SN – Spánkové návyky (Sarmány- -Schuller, 1996). Hypotézy. Študentky s ranným chronotypom majú pravidelnejší spánkový režim v porovnaní so študentkami s večerným chronotypom. Medzi študentkami s ranným a večerným chronotypom existuje rozdiel v preferovanej dobe učenia sa. Ranný chronotyp preferuje dobu učenia sa cez deň a večerný chronotyp preferuje dobu učenia sa večer. Existuje medzi študentkami troch chronotypov rozdiel v študijnej úspešnosti. Ranný chronotyp má lepší priemerný prospech na rozdiel od večerného chronotypu. Štatistická analýza. Metódami štatistického spracovania boli: deskriptívna štatistika (frekvencie, percentá, minimálne a maximálne hodnoty, priemery a štandardné odchýlky, medián, histogram, krabičkový graf, variabilita, kontingenčné tabuľky). Inferenčná štatistika: t-test, chi-kvadrat test, analýza variancie. Kruskal-Wallisov test, Cramerov koeficient kontingencie (V), koeficient vecného rozdielu (d a eta), Bayesov faktor (BF). Získané dáta boli analyzované štatistickým programom SPSS a JASP. Výsledky. Distribúcia sumačného indexu diurnálnych preferencií skúmaných študentiek poukazuje na normalitu distribúcie. Distribúcie subjektívne identifikovaných typov diurnálnych preferencií sa podľa typov diurnálnych preferencií štatisticky vysoko významne nelíšia. V úrovni indexu diurnálnych preferencií sa subjektívne identifikované typy štatisticky významne líšia, no len čiastočne sa líšia vecne. Distribúcie sa podľa spánkového režimu medzi typmi diurnálnych preferencií štatisticky významne nelíšia. Priemerná hodnota hodín spánku je v jednotlivých typoch veľmi podobná. Medzi typmi preferencií je štatisticky významný i vecne závažný rozdiel z hľadiska priemerných hodín ukladania sa k spánku. Distribúcie preferovanej doby učenia sa a školského prospechu sa medzi typmi diurnálnych preferencií štatisticky významne nelíšia. Obmedzenia. Získané údaje o faktoroch, ktoré majú súvis so študijnou úspešnosťou, sú dôležité, ale predložené závery o spánkových návykoch sú spracované výhradne na vlastnom ohodnotení adolescentov v sebaposudzovacej škále. Výsledky výskumu platia iba pre skúmaný výskumný súbor.
EN
Objectives The aim of this study is to assess the sleep quality and sleep disorders (prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea and sleepiness) among occupational drivers in Iran and to determine which demographic factors and occupational habits are linked to road traffic accidents. Material and Methods In this analytic cross-sectional study 556 occupational road drivers from Shahroud city (in the northeast of Iran) participated, upon a prior verbal informed consent, during 2013–2014. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) standard questionnaire that scored on 7 point scale, the 8-item Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) questionnaire and the 8-question STOP-Bang questionnaire along with demographic information and occupational data were used. To explore the independent factors associated with odds of poor sleep quality and road accident, multiple logistic regression models were used. Results Prevalence of previous road accidents, sleepiness while driving, and obstructive sleep apnea scored ≥ 3 in the study, and drivers accounted for 23.8%, 29%, and 24.8%, respectively. The global mean score of sleep quality and excessive sleepiness score were 5.2 and 4.8, respectively. The main factors related to the odds of poor sleep quality were snoring (odds ratio (OR) = 2.34; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.15–4.77), smoking (OR = 2.12; 95% CI: 1.15–3.97), and driving times in a day (OR = 1.12; 95% CI: 1.03–1.21). The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (OR = 1.13; 95% CI: 1.07–1.23) and suffering from apnea (OR = 4.89; 95% CI: 1.07–23.83) were the best predictors for odds (increased risk) of road accidents. Conclusions A considerable proportion of Iranian drivers had records of road accidents; poor sleep quality, sleepiness while driving, and sleep disorder breathing (obstructive sleep apnea – OSA). Snoring, smoking, driving time in a day, excessive sleepiness, and presumably apnea increase the odds of poor sleep quality and road traffic accident for Iranian occupational drivers.
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