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Dilemmas in the Legal Treatment of the Status of People Living with Disabilities

100%
Laki I., Tóth L.
Practice and Theory in Systems of Education
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2015
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vol. 10
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issue 1
97-106
EN
The legal treatment of disability affairs carries in itself an inherent contradiction due to the nature of modern society and free-market economy. On the one hand both the historically developed notions of essentialism and on the other the particular-functional definition of manhood drawing its roots from the established democratic order and market economics are present simultaneously. However, within the current order of things there is an unbridgeable divide between them. Nevertheless, with the progression of time there is a slow gradual shift discernible away from the functional definition with the parallel strengthening of the essentialist approach. This shift is further exaggerated by the more widespread acceptance of the rights of self-determination and the provision of opportunities for the disabled, the emergence of social self-determination in case of a population subgroup living under special conditions. For the proper interpretation of the currents in the evolution of legal treatment of disabled people it would be indispensable to institute a proper social-discourse analysis, which, however, exceeds in scope its narrowly defined task.
2
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Social Dilemmas in Environmental Economics and Policy Considerations: A Review

88%
Cerutti N.
Ethics in Progress
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2017
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vol. 8
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issue 1
156-173
EN
Many crucial environmental issues lead to social dilemmas, in which the personally optimal solution, and the socially optimal solution diverge. Finding a solution to this dilemma is extremely important to allow a good and sustainable management of many exhaustible natural resources. This is especially true when the resource users need to develop collectively a set of rules or practices, and the institutions are unable to provide, or enforce, effective regulations. A few examples are forests, and fisheries, but also carbon emissions. This review presents a selected number of results coming from field observations, laboratory experiments, and theoretical work, which pinpoint some of the more crucial aspects of these decision environments. Knowing which incentives and situational aspects may motivate resource users to adopt a more or less cooperative behavior can potentially be of pivotal importance to develop effective policies and regulations. At the same time, the research we present is also of great interestfor any diagnostic or explorative study that aims to study direct resource users, and their development of cooperative attitudes and practices.
3
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Instytucjonalna ciągłość i zmiana w społeczności lokalnej. Na przykładzie zarządzania wspólnymi zasobami w Jurgowie, wsi polskiego Spisza

63%
Chmielewski P., Chmielewski J.
Studia Socjologiczne
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2017
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issue 3(226)
99-128
PL
Artykuł analizuje ciągłość i zmianę reguł instytucjonalnych organizujących gospodarowanie wspólnymi leśnymi zasobami społeczności lokalnej Jurgowa, na polskim Spiszu. W wyniku zmiany część zasobów przyrodniczych wykorzystywanych zgodnie z tradycją została przekształcona w ośrodek sportów zimowych. Takie innowacyjne przedsięwzięcie wymagało nowych sposobów zbiorowego działania. Ważną rolę odegrali członkowie wspólnoty występujący w charakterze „okazjonalnych przywódców” i „instytucjonalnych przedsiębiorców”. Mieli oni ułatwione zadanie ze względu na tradycyjnie ugruntowane we wspólnocie sposoby rozwiązywania dylematów społecznych, wysoki poziom kapitału społecznego i zaufania wśród członków wspólnoty oraz spiskie zasoby kulturowe. Artykuł zwraca uwagę na potrzebę badania wspólnych zasobów w Polsce wskazując na fakt, iż ten aspekt różnorodności instytucjonalno-organizacyjnej i społeczno-kulturowej jest szczególnie ważny w obliczu zachodzących zmian. Tekst jest efektem badań jakościowych inspirowanych teoriami nowego instytucjonalizmu, w szczególności „Analizy Instytucjonalnej Rozwoju”.
EN
The article includes analysis of continuity and change of institutional rules applicable to governing the common-pool forest resources in possession of local community of Jurgów village, located within Polish Spisz. As a result of occurring change, traditionally exploited part of environmental resources was repositioned into modern winter sports resort. Such innovative adaptation required, and was challenged, by new collective action that was introduced by local society as common approach. It is such roles of local society members’ representatives, described as ‘occasional leaders’ and ‘institutional entrepreneurs’, that were taking major part in this complex process of transformation. Also noteworthy is that this task was to certain extent simplified by their traditionally rooted within local community resolving of social dilemmas skills, comparably high level of social capital, trust gained over the years among community members and cultural resources of Spisz area. The article directs readers attention towards need of Polish research on common pool resources, indicating that aspects of institutional-organizational structure, as well as, social-cultural diversity is particularly important in face of such changes taking place. This text was also result of qualitative research inspired by new institutionalism theories, in particular ‘Institutional Analysis and Development”.
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