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EN
This article deals with the relationships between seniors’ lifestyles and their health and quality of life with respect to the determinants and consequences of aging. As found, considering the complex and dynamically changing set of factors determining individuals’ lifestyles the elderly “withdraw from life” too early and too far. This worrying finding brings into attention active recreation as an approach allowing people to maintain physical fitness, mental health and social activity, and thus being capable of postponing the most severe effects of aging. Before presenting the potential of active tourism as a useful instrument of active recreation, the social consequences of aging and the special character of „seniors” as a social group are discussed in terms of what enables and what restricts the use of free time. This provides a background for showing the functions of tourism as an activity having a beneficial effect not only on physical and mental health, but also on the social interaction of elderly people. Active recreation effectively compensates for losses caused by economic inactivity and withdrawal from certain social roles by building various social relations (including intergenerational) and breaking isolation, as well as by initiating a learning process based on new experiences and contacts, and developing interests and skills that strengthen the feeling of independence, self-confidence and self-esteem. Active tourism, adjusted to the needs and capabilities of elderly people, may make a measurable contribution to better quality of their lives.
EN
The issue of re-nationalization (disintegration and fragmentation) of integration process is manifested by the will of some of the Member States to verify their relations with the European Union. In the age of an economic crisis of the EU and in relation to the large migration of the population, there has emerged strong social and political criticism, on the European level, of the integration process, with some Member States even consideringtheir withdrawal from the EU. In those States, demands forextending the Member States’ competences in the field of some EU policies are becoming more and more popular. The legal effects of the above-mentioned processes are visible in the free movements of the internal market, mainly within the free movement of persons. Therefore, there are problems, such as increased social dumping process, the need to retain the output of the European labour law, the issue of the so-called social tourism, erosion of the meaning of the EU citizenship and the principle of equal treatment.
PL
The year 1993 marked the establishment of formal EU citizenship and, subsequently, special relations were forged between the earlier status of the individual, a subject of internal market freedoms, and the notion of political EU citizenship. The social and welfare rights of individuals were strengthened, thus enabling a deeper integration. The social rights in the EU’s legal system play a special role in the construction of EU citizenship as they add meaning to the notion of citizenship and go beyond the traditional, economic dimension of integration. What links the constructs of market citizenship and social citizenship is the strong emphasis on the individual’s right to their status, and to rights which can be exercised effectively. Recently, political and economic citizenships have merged. However, this process has been confronted with resistance from some member states, particularly the ones with wealthy social protection systems. This has been caused by the abuse of rights by migrants from other member states, i.e., through so-called social tourism.
PL
The year 1993 marked the establishment of formal EU citizenship and, subsequently, special relations were forged between the earlier status of the individual, a subject of internal market freedoms, and the notion of political EU citizenship. The social and welfare rights of individuals were strengthened, thus enabling a deeper integration. The social rights in the EU’s legal system play a special role in the construction of EU citizenship as they add meaning to the notion of citizenship and go beyond the traditional, economic dimension of integration. What links the constructs of market citizenship and social citizenship is the strong emphasis on the individual’s right to their status, and to rights which can be exercised effectively. Recently, political and economic citizenships have merged. However, this process has been confronted with resistance from some member states, particularly the ones with wealthy social protection systems. This has been caused by the abuse of rights by migrants from other member states, i.e., through so-called social tourism.
EN
The last decade has witnessed the development of a growing phenomenon, the expulsion of European Union (EU) citizens from a host Member State. While the EU encourages its citizens to use their fundamental right of freedom of movement, citizens moving to other Member States continue to encounter legal obstacles, in some cases leading to expulsion. Recently, there has even been strong political pressure in some Member States to reconsider the benefits of the principle of free movement, which has been built progressively since the foundation of the European Community. This restrictive approach has arisen against the background of the global economic crisis, which occurred just after the enlargement of the EU to economically poorer countries of Central and Eastern Europe, leading to more nationalistic and protectionist measures, which have legal consequences for EU citizens on the move. This article analyses the legal grounds for expulsion under EU law and the safeguards that protect EU citizens residing in host Member States. Examples of expulsions from Member States in recent years are noted, and possible ways of overcoming current issues are proposed.
EN
Social tourism is a form of tourism that takes into account the participation of physically or socially handicapped individuals, and at the same time the social tourism activities are in accordance with the environmental sustain-ability of the territory. in the czech republic the social tourism has been supported at the national level since 2010 by the National tourism support Programme. this paper is aimed at the evaluation of social tourism support in the czech republic in the period of 2010-2012. The evaluation is performed by regions and target groups (families with children, young people under 26 years, seniors and the disabled). the other aim is to identify which model of social tourism was implemented in the czech republic during the period of 2010-2012.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono istotę konsumpcji usług turystyki społecznej i charakter jej „zrównoważenia”. Teoretycznie wykazano dużą rolę (społeczno-gospodarczą) turystyki społecznej i celowość jej wdrażania. Analiza danych statystycznych dowodzi znacznej rozbieżności między potrzebami a poziomem rzeczywistej konsumpcji usług turystyki społecznej. Turystyka społeczna jako obszar relatywnie słabo rozpoznany empirycznie wymaga badań zarówno strony popytowej (wola uczestnictwa, oczekiwania, pożądane cechy produktu turystycznego), podażowej (skłonność do uczestnictwa, wdrażania zasad CSR i zrównoważonego zarządzania turystyką ‒ STM oraz ograniczania marż), jak i całego społeczeństwa na temat akceptacji takiego kierunku redystrybucji wspólnych środków; są to rekomendacje przyszłych badań.
EN
In the paper, the essence of consumption of social tourism services and the problem of its sustainability was discussed. It was theoretically proved that the role of social tourism is significant, so it is recommendable to develop it. An analysis of empirical data shows a big difference between the needs of underprivileged groups and the level of their consumption of social tourism services. Social tourism is not well investigated yet, it is necessary to research the demand side (willingness to participate, potential participant expectations, also concerning products), the supply side (willingness to participate, CSR and Sustainable Tourism Management implementation, an acceptance of margins reduction), and also the society’s acceptance of resources redistribution regarding social tourism. These are recommendations for future research.
PL
W pierwszej dekadzie XXI w. trwa dyskusja nad rolą turystyki społecznej w wyrównywaniu szans uczestnictwa w turystyce grup słabych ekonomicznie i społecznie. Turystyka społeczna jest obecnie częstym tematem badań krajowych i zagranicznych. Podejmuje się wiele prac badawczych zmierzających do określenia potrzeb, barier i uwarunkowań uprawiania tej formy turystyki. Badania jednak nie są prowadzone systematycznie i mają charakter wybiórczy, również podstawy teoretyczne, wynikające z braku ogólnie akceptowalnego wyjaśnienia terminu turystyki społecznej, są chwiejne. Stąd dla powodzenia polityki turystycznej wobec osób mniej uprzywilejowanych wiedza jest nadal niewystarczająca. Celem artykułu była próba określenia istoty turystyki społecznej oraz charakterystyka działań podejmowanych w Polsce dla wybranych grup beneficjentów. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono grupom osób starszych i niepełnosprawnych.
EN
In recent years the discussion referring to social tourism has been going on, and in particular it has been focused on the role of social tourism in providing equal opportunities for participation of poorer socio-economic groups in tourism. Social tourism has currently become a frequent subject of both domestic and foreign research. Numerous studies aimed at defining the needs, barriers and determinants regarding this form of tourism have been taken up. However, the research is not carried out in a systematic manner and is of selective nature; additionally, theoretical background resulting from the absence of a generally accepted definition of the concept of social tourism is quite uncertain. Therefore, such knowledge is insufficient for the success of tourism policy in relation to less privileged individuals. The objective of the paper is to define the core concept of social tourism, as well as to provide characteristics of activities undertaken in Poland for the selected groups of beneficiaries. Particular attention is paid to the groups of the elderly and the disabled.
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