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EN
History and origin of language borrowings in social vocabulary of Serbia and Montenegro to the beginnings of 20th centuryThe article presents the main sources of language borrowings which developed the Serbian vocabulary within the scope of broadly defined social relationships and encompasses the period of time from the main sources of language borrowings till the beginnings of the 20th century. First of all the form of addressing family leaders and the most important family structures, the form of addressing of political, military and church leaders, the nomenclature of social layers’ members, officers as well as administration units have been included in the social vocabulary. Except the example of ways such borrowings were included into the Serbian language the article also presents history and politics background and socio-cultural conditioning in which the contacts and inter-language meetings took place. Some medieval borrowings from roman languages (Latin, Dalmatian dialects, and then Romanian) and Greek-Byzantine, and Turkish have been presented. We have tried to describe a wide stream of Turkish influence (with limited Italian and Albanian influence. Later periods were characterized by: German, Hungarian, Russian and later French. The work constitutes sort of supplement to the article of P. Ivić (Domaći i strani elementi u terminologiјi društvenog, ekonomskog i pravnog života u srednjovekovnoј Srbiјi as well as Razvoј terminologiјe u јeziku srednjovekovnikh Srba) which describes the influence of examined lexemes on social lexis, the ways of their adaptation and geography in the Serbian language area including especially history as well as socio-political background.
Język Polski
|
2021
|
vol. 101
|
issue 1
96-109
XX
Przedmiotem analizy w niniejszym artykule jest wartościowanie społecznego pojęcia pomoc od staropolszczyzny do współczesności. Pomoc wyrażana leksemem pomoc współcześnie jest pozytywnie nacechowana aksjologicznie, co przejawia się np. w kolokacjach potrzebować pomocy, dziękować za pomoc, a przede wszystkim – warto pomagać. Będąc integralną częścią kultury duchowej, wartości stanowią ważne wspólne dziedzictwo, a w ich pojmowaniu przez wieki zaznacza się zazwyczaj zarówno stałość, jak i zmiana – znajduje to odzwierciedlenie w języku, jakim wartości się nazywa i jakim się o nich mówi. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest ustalenie, czy i kiedy pomoc zaczęła być uznawana za wartość oraz czy jej wartościowanie uległo zmianie przez ponad sześć wieków. Analizie poddano kontekstowe użycia leksemu pomoc (głównego eksponenta pojęcia pomoc) w historii polszczyzny w poszukiwaniu tych elementów wypowiedzi, które wskazują na wartościowanie pojęcia – połączeń z nazwami innych wartości, z przymiotnikami o nacechowaniu aksjologicznym czy też ujęć metaforycznych. Na podstawie analizy użyć leksemu pomoc można stwierdzić, że pomoc już od najdawniejszych czasów uznawana była za wartość i nadal tak jest, a zmiany w jej ocenie są nieznaczne, zatem, że ma ona charakter uniwersalny.
EN
The present article analyses the evaluation of the social concept pomoc (help) from the Old Polish period until the modern times. Contemporarily pomoc expressed by the lexeme pomoc (‘help’) is positively marked in terms of axiology, which manifests itself e.g. in the collocations potrzebować pomocy ‘to require help/assis-tance’, dziękować za pomoc ‘to thank for help’, and above all – warto pomagać ‘it is worthwhile to help’. An integral part of spiritual culture, values constitute an important common heritage, and their understanding throughout centuries is characterised by both continuity and change, which is reflected in the language in which values are referred to and spoken about. The purpose of the present article is to establish whether and when help began to be recognised as a value or whether its evaluation underwent change during the course of more than six centuries. The analysis covered the contextual instances of the usage of the lexeme pomoc(the principal exponent of the concept pomoc) in the history of the Polish language in pursuit of those ele-ments of utterances which indicate the evaluation of the concept – combinations featuring the names of other values, axiologically marked adjectives or metaphorical approaches. On the basis of an analysis of the usage of the lexeme pomoc one may state that since the earliest times pomoc has been considered a value and that this is still the case, and the changes of its evaluation are slight. Therefore, this entity is universal in nature.Artykuły I ROZPRAWY | Język Polski | CI 1 |109
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