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Historia@Teoria
|
2017
|
vol. 1
|
issue 3
39-51
EN
In this article the author argues for the rapprochement between the methods and questions of the history of historiography and the questionnaire of the sociology of knowledge. The sociological perspective can inspire both the research on the communities of professional historians and the functioning of the historiographical knowledge in social and political structures. The author analyzes diff erent dimensions of the political functions of historiography and emphasizes the diff erence between the utilitarian and scientific aspects of historical knowledge.
EN
Actor-Network Theory has proven to be highly successful, fulfilling much of its early theoretical and methodological promise. Proponents of ANT have argued, among other things, that an acceptance of the specific (techno-)social ontology which assumes consistent relativity of beings and anti-essentialism will enable us to address the aporia that are haunting sociology. The authors argue that, sociological applications of ANT (at least as regards the dominant understanding of the theory) result in a lowbrow methodology leading to a radical cognitive limitation of the discipline. The text finishes with an attempt to sketch an alternative version of ANT, one with a positivistic inclination opening the path for synthetic sociology.
EN
This article offers a reflection on the current state of affairs regarding sexuality studies in general and the representation of non-heterosexual women in particular in contemporary academia and feminisms. As a lesbian scholar based in Poland, I am attempting to establish a separate lesbian-studies discourse in the Polish academia on the one hand, and encourage a great dose of interdisciplinarity in moving towards re-adjusted and re-defined lesbian feminisms on the other. Having defended my doctoral dissertation, I am going to re-visit and summarise one of its parts, namely the question of inadequacies of contemporary gender studies. Although the overall character of my activity can be situated within the sociology of sexuality, I tend to conceptualise the problems in question through the prism of sociology of knowledge and human geography, and especially the branches of feminist geography and geographies of sexualities. Altogether, I am going to briefly look into several contemporary gender and/or women’s studies programmes in Poland in order to show both their incapacity to deal with female sexuality and, as a consequence, their erasure of lesbianity. Needless to say, the brief analysis herein is merely the start of the discussion as it offers only a sample of exploratory efforts with regard to the question of academic feminisms, but it is one that reveals some alarming tendencies.
EN
The article analyzes the historical and philosophical roots of the art of suspicion and its role in the development of modern philosophy and its method. Particular attention is paid to the issues of the comparison of philosophical suspicion and conspiracy theories as a special state of mass consciousness. The article also specifies the dependence of the art of suspicion on the sociology of knowledge and post-theoretical thinking.
EN
The article presents and justifies the thesis that the way of understanding knowledge has changed significantly over the last century. This change consists in departing from the classic definition of knowledge formulated by Plato, and in particular in questioning the subjective role of man as the holder of knowledge and abandoning claims to the truthfulness of knowledge. This process was an intensive evolution; its elements are given and justified in the text. Its source was a deep reconstruction of the mode of creating epistemic structures in mathematics and geometry, based on the abandonment of the principle of representation. Knowledge turned out to be determined by the social context, it became dispersed, decentralized, which led to the rejection of the condition of its truthfulness. The last phase of this evolution is knowledge as a phenomenon in the area of digital technologies, in particular artificial intelligence. This evolution has led to the emergence of many variants of knowledge that act as local knowledge, which justifies the use of the plural in this case.
EN
This auto-ethnographic description of the experiences in the development of the teaching and learning approach, at the postgraduate level, introduces the impact of the community of practice in the development of the learning processes in South Africa, with an international view. The principles of community of practice are outlined and the theoretical grounding is provided in terms of the notion of assemblage theory, the definitions of fundamental and derivative epistemic authority, as well as the assemblage boundary and the personal intents of the community of practice members. The theoretical grounding is then applied through several iterations of the community of practice between 2006 and present. The adaptive nature of the community of practice as an assemblage and the function as a sociology-of-knowledge system are outlined.
Society Register
|
2019
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vol. 3
|
issue 1
7-22
EN
This article is a selective introduction to the description and characterization of the changes that have occurred in the sociology of knowledge since the publication of Max Scheler’s book in 1924 to contemporary times, most often conceptualized by the term knowledge society. A brief review of the main threads in the field of sociology of knowledge was intended to draw attention to the theoretical and practical advantages of particular approaches, as well as their disadvantages, resulting in a trivial study of the phenomenon of knowledge in question. The descriptive character of this article also allowed for a number of systematizations within specific approaches (e.g. Michel Foucault) and within a broad perspective of the knowledge phenomenon.
EN
In this article I ask about the theoretical-methodological consistence between research sub-disciplines, which their creators see as discourses or paradigms that correspond on a general philosophical level. I will base this analysis on the historicalphilosophical examples of certain sociology of knowledge and philosophical anthropology conceptions developed by Max Scheler as part of a broader philosophical theory. Scheler’s intention, which he often articulated in his writings, was to show philosophical anthropology in its role as the categorial foundation of the sociology of knowledge, a reservoir of the philosophical assumptions that underlie sociocognitive theories. The interpretative hypothesis in this article is that a) some parts of Scheler’s sociology of knowledge (the so-called class idol conception) would be very difficult to see as “grounded” in the conceptual model of philosophical anthropology he proposed, and b) that there exists an anthropological standpoint that differs from Scheler’s—Helmuth Plessner’s—and is more logically coherent with the “class idol” idea.
Zeszyty Naukowe KUL
|
2016
|
vol. 59
|
issue 4
149-164
EN
Despite the fact that Florian Znaniecki was adamantly opposed to the sociology of knowledge, he provided many fundamental principles thanks to which he, on academic reflection, had strengthened its position. The following text provided the ideas thanks to which this founding father of sociology enriches the way in which we perceive how knowledge is connected with society. In this fashion we try and discover, the scholar, whose texts are analysed in the article and who brought a constructive research scenario for sociology using the very same approach with which he opposed it. Those who interpret Znaniecki’s views by studying his achievements within the sociology of knowledge mainly focus on his scientific knowledge considering that it was in these fields that he made the greatest discoveries (which is true nonetheless) albeit concluding that other kinds of knowledge do not necessarily find their place in his interests. The main focus of the author of the article however was not concentrated on scientific knowledge but on common sense knowledge with the aim to prove that even for scholars it is meaningful. Through his achievements as per himself, Znaniecki uncovered aspects connected with this kind of knowledge and on the basis of him failing to create a somewhat mutual picture of his sociology of common-sense knowledge. This image was not supposed to be decisive as it was not the intention of the author of the article, but it was supposed to show the defining key points. Given that Znaniecki himself critiqued many sociologists who were involved in the sociology of knowledge, his criticism was strengthened with references made by the author in The social role of the man of knowledge, to the goals of the tradition within the discipline itself to avoid any doubt as to the fact that we are dealing with blurred boundaries in the sociology of knowledge. Above all, it is worth mentioning that all of the key elements mentioned, do not extend beyond the boundaries of sociological interpretation, in spite of Znaniecki’s thinking that through this manner of approach we are dealing with what gives them their unmistakable sociological character.
PL
Florian Znaniecki mimo że był zdecydowanym oponentem socjologii wiedzy, poczynił wiele ustaleń, dzięki którym przyczynił się do umocnienia jej pozycji w refleksji naukowej. W niniejszym tekście wyłowiono wątki, dzięki którym klasyk socjologii wzbogaca namysł nad społecznym uwikłaniem wiedzy. W ten sposób starano się dowieść, że uczony, którego teksty poddano analizie realizował konstruktywny scenariusz badawczy dla socjologii wiedzy wbrew nastawieniu, jakie w stosunku do niej eksponował. Interpretatorzy poglądów Znanieckiego, badając jego dorobek związany z socjologią wiedzy, głównie skupiają swoją uwagę na wiedzy naukowej – uznając, że w tym obszarze poczynił największe odkrycia (co jest poniekąd słuszne), lub też, wychodząc z założenia, że inne rodzaje wiedzy niekoniecznie znalazły się w orbicie jego zainteresowań. Natomiast uwaga autora artykułu skupiona została nie na wiedzy naukowej, ale na wiedzy potocznej, celem pokazania, że także i wokół niej namysł uczonego jest znaczący. Z dorobku, jaki po sobie pozostawił Znaniecki, wydobyto aspekty związane z tym rodzajem wiedzy i w oparciu o nie poczyniono próbę zbudowania w miarę spójnego obrazu jego socjologii wiedzy potocznej. Obraz ten nie miał być wyczerpujący, nie było to zamiarem autora opracowania, ale wiodącym celem tekstu było jedynie wskazanie punktów wyznaczających zasadnicze jego dominanty. Z racji, że sam Znaniecki wysuwał wiele zastrzeżeń pod adresem socjologów zajmujących się wiedzą, prowadzony wywód wzmocniono odniesieniami mocującymi podejmowane przez autora Społecznych ról uczonych wątki w tradycji dyscypliny, by nie było wątpliwości, że mamy do czynienia z rozważaniami mieszczącymi się w granicach socjologii wiedzy. Nadto należy dodać, że wszystkie wspomniane dominanty nie wychodziły poza socjologiczne ramy interpretacyjne – wbrew obawom Znanieckiego, że przy tego typu przedsięwzięciach mamy z tym do czynienia – co uprawomocnia ich socjologiczny charakter.
EN
The paper deals with the description of linguistic knowledge using the theory of paradigms. The author focuses on two aspects of linguistic paradigms: the integration and the differential, highlighting the diversity of research directions in modem linguistics. The method proposed by the author is based on the assumptions of the sociology of science, according to which linguistics is regarded as a social system. Within the new scientific discipline described as linguistic sociology, a complex of the research procedures is expected, such as bibliometric analysis, analysis of public opinion, thematic analysis of journals, scientific sessions, grant policy analysis, analysis of academic and educational programmes of language learning, etc.
EN
For a long time medical knowledge had not been a research subject for the sociologists of medicine. This fact stemmed from their belief that medicine as a natural science deals with facts of nature, which are not subject to the thesis of the social determination of knowledge. The article aims to demonstrate how changes within the sociology of knowledge, namely the creation of the “strong program of sociology of knowledge,” and social constructionism, enabled the formation of a critical sociology of medicine. The new discipline acknowledged the institution of medicine and medical knowledge, based mainly on the so called biomedical model, as a legitimate area of sociological studies.
PL
Wiedza medyczna przez długi czas nie stanowiła przedmiotu badań socjologów medycyny. Wynikało to z ich przekonania, że medycyna jako nauka przyrodnicza zajmuje się faktami natury, które nie podlegają tezie o społecznej determinacji wiedzy. Celem artykułu jest pokazanie, w jaki sposób przemiany w obrębie socjologii wiedzy, mianowicie powstanie tzw. mocnego programu socjologii wiedzy i społecznego konstrukcjonizmu, umożliwiły powstanie krytycznej socjologii medycyny, która uznała za uprawnione badanie instytucji medycyny i wiedzy medycznej opartej głównie na tzw. modelu biomedycznym.
EN
This paper examines the life and career of the prominent sociologist Werner Stark (1909–1985), born and raised in Marienbad, Bohemia, and after 1918 in the multi-ethnic state of Czechoslovakia. As a prolific and wide-ranging scholar whose many works failed to find an enduring place in American sociology, Stark is a prime example of academic marginalisation. The authors analyse Stark’s major contributions from the standpoint of the sociology of knowledge. They argue that his ideas regarding human nature, the need for social discipline, and the desirability of community were rooted in a pervasive biographical marginality that found resolution in his conversion to Catholicism. In turn, these ideas reinforced the marginality from which they emerged. The reception of Stark’s work in the United States was governed by a perceived incompatibility of his outlook with the assumptions and goals of his American audience. In particular, Stark offered an explicitly value-directed sociology, one which asserted the importance of social order, individual discipline, and universal community, at a time (the 1960s and 1970s) when the field sought to maintain its credibility as an objective scientific discipline in the face of growing challenges from sociologists and non-sociologists alike. Stark’s American colleagues focused on aspects of his work that were incompatible with their own cultural and disciplinary orientations and this obscured the full range of his achievements, especially his analyses which anticipated contemporary sociological work.
EN
Max Scheler seems to present two distinct approaches to philosophy of culture. In the early period of his Formalismus in der Ethik und die materiale Wertethik and “Ordo Amoris,” he describes cultures as being defined by their distinct order of value preferencings. In his later period of his “Probleme einer Soziologie des Wissens,” however, Scheler explains the dynamics of culture in terms of the interaction of what he calls “real” and “ideal sociological factors,” rooted in various drives (Triebe) and spirit (Geist), respectively. These approaches are fully compatible and complementary, the former describing culture’s vertical structure and the latter, its horizontal structure. Together these two approaches offer a comprehensive philosophy of culture, deserving greater attention.
EN
In the article the author tries to find a path connecting sociology, ethnology, and anthropology as closely interrelated social sciences. She takes into account their fields of exploration and methods of reasoning that imply different role of scientists’ imagination, reflexivity, and the importance of conceptual models versus empirical ob - servations. Also, she points out historical experiences and social processes that have significant influence on pure intellectual argumentations providing some examples from Poland.
PL
W artykule autorka poszukuje dróg łączących i różnicujących socjologię, etnologię i antropologię. W swojej argumentacji bierze pod uwagę tematykę badań, naukową wyobraźnię, autorefleksję i zróżnicowane relacje między pracą teoretyczną i badaniami terenowymi. Wskazuje też na niektóre uwarunkowania historyczne i procesy społeczne, które miały ważny wpływ na czysto intelektualne debaty prowadzone w ramach omawianych dyscyplin, odwołując się między innymi do wybranych przykładów z Polski
Stan Rzeczy
|
2012
|
issue 1(2)
168-185
PL
Na początku artykułu omawiam powody, dla których pojęcie szkoły naukowej jest szeroko stosowane w historii nauki. Analizuję zwłaszcza metodologiczne i socjologiczne kryteria używane na ogół w celu zdefiniowania szkoły naukowej. W kolejnej części oceniam warszawską szkołę historyków idei za pomocą tych dwóch kryteriów, co prowadzi do wniosku, że nie można jej uznać za szkołę naukową w świetle żadnego z nich. W ostatniej części rozważam przyczyny, które sprawiły, że pomimo słabego uzasadnienia dla użycia terminu „warszawska szkoła historyków idei” zyskał on akceptację i popularność w polskiej historycznej naukowej autonarracji.
EN
The article begins with a discussion of reasons for which the notion of scientific school is extensively employed in the history of science. In particular, I explore methodological and sociological criteria commonly used for defining scientific schools. In the following part the Warsaw school of the history of ideas is assessed by means of these two criteria, the conclusion being that it cannot be deemed a scientific school under any of them. In the last part I reflect upon the rationale behind the fact that „Warsaw school of the history of ideas” has become a plausible and popular term in Polish scientific historical self-narration despite weak factual grounds for its use.
EN
Several empirical studies of the social construction of risk have been conducted within the risk study paradigm but little attention has been paid so far to the flip side of this process, i.e., exclusion of risk from social consciousness by deliberately or involuntarily rendering it invisible, disregarding or marginalising it. This article, based on the concept of risk proposed by Ulrich Beck, Mary Douglas and Aaron Wildavsky and the findings of the sociology of scientific ignorance, introduces the “risk-concealment category.” This category applies to the mechanisms and processes underlying the social definition and construction of risk. It then presents the main functional areas of the mechanisms of risk-concealment in social practice and identifies the basic types of mechanisms which can be found at various stages of social risk definition and which lead to the social construction of the sense of security. The status of this text is projective and the possible paths of further exploration of the subject are outlined. The purpose of this article is to suggest a new research area focusing on the various aspects of risk-concealment and the underlying mechanisms, rules and action strategies. The mechanisms of risk assessment, political-economical risk definition and risk discourse are discussed.
PL
Głównym celem tekstu jest przedstawienie hipotezy dualności peryferyjnego systemu tworzenia wiedzy akademickiej. Opiera się ona na podkreśleniu znaczenia zależności procesów tworzenia wiedzy od zależności centro-peryferyjnych w ujęciu zarówno globalnym jak i lokalnym. Szczególnym przypadkiem analizowanym w tekście są polskie nauki społeczne. Przedstawiono ich analizę w kontekście teorii systemu światowego, socjologii krytycznej oraz krytycznej analizy dyskursu. W odwołaniu do socjologii wiedzy przedstawiono bardziej ogólny model dualności systemów tworzenia wiedzy naukowej na peryferiach. Ten model mający status hipotezy może pomagać tłumaczyć pozorne niespójności w funkcjonowaniu systemu nauki w Polsce. Jednym z elementów przedstawionej propozycji jest redefinicja koncepcji „działań pozornych” Jana Lutyńskiego, która początkowo rozwinięta została w odniesieniu do opisu działania instytucji w Polsce komunistycznej. Główną tezą tekstu jest hipoteza, iż dualność systemu polskich nauk społecznych ma bardzo specyficzny charakter i nie przejawia się wyraźnie w warstwie instytucjonalnej.
EN
The main aim of the present article is to offer a hypothesis of duality of the peripheral systems of production of academic knowledge, highlighting the dependency of that process on the centre-periphery structures of the contemporary world as well as form the local contexts. A particular focus of the text will be on the case of the social sciences in contemporary Poland. Consequently, a view on the Polish academic knowledge production system in the framework of the world system theory, critical sociology and critical discourse analysis will be offered. Drawing on the selected tools of sociology of knowledge a more general hypothesis on the dual nature of the knowledge production systems in the peripheries is presented. The hypothesis may serve to explain apparent inconsistencies in the functioning of the Polish and other peripheral knowledge production systems. One of its key elements is a proposal of redefinition of Jan Lutyński’s concept of “apparent actions”, which has been originally developed to interpret the tensions in the functioning of institutions of the communist Poland. The paper concludes with suggestion that the form of duality observed in Poland is atypical and not obvious in the institutional dimension.
PL
Przedłożony tekst zakłada, że kluczowym warunkiem zaistnienia społeczeństwa wiedzy nie są strukturalne uwarunkowania jego funkcjonowania, infrastruktura technologiczna, odpowiednio zagospodarowana przestrzeń informacyjna itp., ale jakość odpowiadająca samej wiedzy, którą dysponuje człowieka. A ta, w znacznej mierze, kształtowana jest przez szkołę. Prześledzenie parametrów aktualnie realizowanej wiedzy edukacyjnej każe stwierdzić, że absolwenci placówek oświatowych kształtowani są na miarę zupełnie innej epoki niż epoka wiedzy. Pozwala to wnosić, że nie stoimy na progu społeczeństwa wiedzy (nie utożsamianego ze społeczeństwem, w którym gospodarka oparta jest na wiedzy), ale że jest ono sprawą odległej jeszcze przyszłości. Przybliżenie się do niego wymagałoby podjęcia radykalnych kroków reformujących instytucje odpowiedzialne za stan świadomości jednostek, szczególnie szkół.
EN
The submitted paper proposes that the emergence of the knowledge based society does not primarily depend on the structural conditioning of its functioning, its technological infrastructure or proper management of information space, etc., but rather on the quality of knowledge which is at people’s disposal and which is to a large extent shaped by the school. The analysis of parameters of the school knowledge which is currently implemented at schools reveals that the formation of graduates does not meet the requirements of the age of the knowledge based society. It can be, thus, extrapolated that the knowledge based society (not to be confused with society whose economy is based on knowledge) still remains a rather remote prospect. Thus, in order to make it a nearer perspective, radical steps must be undertaken to reform institutions responsible for the condition of individual awareness, which applies particularly to schools.
EN
An analysis of consciousness is one of the key issue of the sociology of knowledge. Both the initiators and classics of this discipline dealt with it. Berger and Luckmann, the founders of a new paradigm in the area under considerations, also devoted much attention to it. They were interested in the common-sense consciousness, unlike their predecessors who were occupied with political, scientific, and world-view etc. consciousness. They dealt with this kind of consciousness in their most prominent book The Social Construction of Reality, and in numerous papers written separately by each of the authors. This paper puts together and orders various dispersed statements as regard the common-sense consciousness, in order to present it in a compact and complete picture.
EN
The aim of the text is to show Florian Znaniecki’s contribution to the exploration of scientific knowledge. The scientist devoted a lot of space to dissecting numerous aspects related to this knowledge. However, these were not elaborated and presented by him in a compact form, nor were they pursued according to a specific research programme. They are scattered over many publications, written at different times and undertaken for different motives. It was necessary to extract them from his rich oeuvre and submit them in a reasonably coherent form. This was done using a scheme drawn from a proposal by Maria and Stanisław Ossowski, intended by the authors to tie together the threads that would be dealt with in the science of science. After slight modification, it consists of the following sections: reflections on the sociology of scientific knowledge closely linked to the philosophy of science, sociological science of knowledge as one of many branches of culture, scientific knowledge in the context of collective life, issues of an institutional and organisational nature related to scientific knowledge, historical analyses relating to scientific knowledge.
PL
Celem tekstu jest pokazanie wkładu Floriana Znanieckiego w zgłębianie wiedzy naukowej. Uczony poświęcił wiele miejsca na roztrząsanie licznych aspektów z tą wiedzą związanych. Nie były one jednak przez niego opracowane i przedstawione w zwartej formie, ani realizowane zgodnie z konkretnym programem badawczym. Rozproszone są po wielu publikacjach, pisanych w różnym czasie i podejmowanych z różnych pobudek. Należało je wydobyć z jego bogatej twórczości i przedłożyć w miarę spójnej postaci. Do tego posłużył schemat zaczerpnięty z propozycji Marii i Stanisława Ossowskich, mający w zamyśle autorów spinać wątki, którymi miałaby się zająć nauka o nauce. Po lekkiej modyfikacji składa się z następujących działów: rozważania nad socjologią wiedzy naukowej ściśle powiązane z filozofią nauki, socjologiczna nauka o wiedzy jako jednym z wielu działów kultury, wiedza naukowa w kontekście życia zbiorowego, zagadnienia o charakterze instytucjonalno-organizacyjnym związane z wiedzą naukową, historyczne analizy odnoszące się do wiedzy naukowej.
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