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The Inevitability of Militarization of Outer Space

100%
BERNAT P.
Safety & Defense
|
2019
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vol. 5
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issue 1
49-54
EN
At the end of the second decade of the 21st century, we witness a progressive increase of strategic importance of artificial satellites and other orbital systems, which is a consequence of the ever-accelerating development of space technologies that include weapons systems. The outer space becomes a theatre for a potential conflict. The states possessing sufficient technological potential will further develop and expand those systems, both defensive (for eliminating threats) and offensive (securing the military advantage and serving as a deterrent) to secure their current and future interests.The main argument of the paper demonstrates the necessity, from the perspective of the strong outer space sector players like the USA, Russia, China, to further develop space weapon systems and military units of space corps.
2
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Wpływ militaryzacji Kosmosu na globalną równowagę strategiczną.

86%
Czajkowski M.
Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe
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2015
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issue 1
75-93
EN
The article is supposed to explore the inlfuence of certain space systems on international strategic stability. It is widely accepted that use of the satellites is crucially important in many fields ranging from economy, through scientific use to military purposes. Until now the militarization of space took only the form of surveillance, positioning and communication, so it only supports military and intelligence activities here on Earth. But with the advent of space weapons, especially anti-satellite (ASAT) systems, the weaponization of space may come true. If it happens the strategic stability will be in jeopardy, because whole space infrastructure may be easily destroyed either deliberately or by accident. Less of surveillance and worse communication may endanger especially conventional military capabilities of the United States, maybe even forcing them to limit their forward presence. The other direction of strategic shifts are more difficult to predict. Therefore there is an opportunity that leading countries will not decide to pursue space weapons but on the other hand there are many indications that they would do this. Anyway the development with that respect should be closely watched from the perspective of political sciences.
3
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Anti-Satellite Weapons: A Political Dimension

72%
Czajkowski M.
Safety & Defense
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2021
|
vol. 1
107-116
EN
This article tackles the political dimension of the development of anti-satellite weapons. The main goal is to assess their significance from the American, Russian, and Chinese perspective to understand the emerging balance of power in space. While the U.S. is struggling to maintain its position of dominant space power, its main adversaries are developing technologies that can diminish American dominance. It is, therefore, widely believed that outer space is poised to be weaponized by multiple systems designed to destroy satellites in-orbit, both ground- and space-based. On the other hand, the United States is executing multiple fast-track research& development programs aimed at increasing the resilience of the U.S. space systems.
4
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Chińska strategia A2/AD. Polityczne implikacje dla bezpieczeństwa w przestrzeni kosmicznej

58%
czajkowski m.
Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Międzynarodowego
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2018
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vol. 12
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issue 2
69-89
EN
This paper is supposed to analyze briefly one of key elements of the Chinese strategy aimed on weakening the American military dominance, with the special attention to the role of space systems therein. It describes in the most general terms the military strategy of the United Statest, then it pictures the Chinese A2/AD (anti-access/area denial) concept as an asymmetric answer to the U.S. military supremacy. The special attention is paid to its limitations and the role of space systems in overcoming the restraints. And finally it characterizes some of the political consequences that come out of all the above and that might reflect on the general state of the space security.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł ma za zadanie pokrótce scharakteryzować jeden z podstawowych elementów chińskiej strategii ograniczania militarnej dominacji USA, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem roli systemów kosmicznych. W najbardziej ogólnych kategoriach omawia więc amerykańską strategię militarną; a następnie opisuje chińską koncepcję A2/AD jako asymetryczną odpowiedź na amerykańską przewagę. Szczególną uwagę zwracamy na ograniczenia tej koncepcji i rolę systemów kosmicznych w ich przezwyciężaniu. I wreszcie omawiamy niektóre polityczne konsekwencje powyższego, które mogą oddziaływać na stan bezpieczeństwa kosmicznego.
5
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Sino-American Rivalry in Space-Selected Strategic and Political Issues

58%
Czajkowski M.
Roczniki Nauk Społecznych
|
2021
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vol. 49
|
issue 4
141-158
PL
Niniejszy artykuł opisuje trzy ściśle powiązane aspekty kosmicznej rywalizacji między Stanami Zjednoczonymi i Chinami tle ich ogólnych stosunków. Pierwszy omawiany aspekt dotyczy kwestii strategicznych związanych z siłami zbrojnymi jako instrumentem globalnego wpływu. Drugi obejmuje proces sekurytyzacji chińskich postępów w rozwoju zastosowań kosmicznych w Stanach Zjednoczonych. Trzeci odnosi się do konkurencji o międzynarodowy prestiż, która jest jednym z najważniejszych czynników relacji chińsko-amerykańskich.
EN
This article will describe three closely intertwined aspects of space rivalry between the U.S. and China against the background of their general relationship. The first refers to strategic considerations related to the military as a tool of global influence. The second covers the process of securitisation of the Chinese advancement in space applications in the United States. And finally, we will address the competition for international prestige, which is one of the essential factors of Sino-American relations.
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