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Gospodarstwo rolne jako przedmiot zapisu windykacyjnego – wybrane problemy

100%

Blajer P.

Studia Iuridica Agraria

2011

vol. 9

185-201

The article discusses a wide range of issues concerning the new legal institution introduced to the Polish legal system by the bill to amend the Polish Civil Code –i.e. “specific bequest”. The bill introduced a specific bequest alongside the current ordinary bequest. The item in question – which could take the form of personalty, an alienable property right, an enterprise or agricultural farm, or usufruct or a servitude– will go to the named legatee as soon as the estate enters probate. Thanks to this new institution testator will be able to assign a specific item of his property to a specific person (heir or not). For the agricultural law doctrine the most important issue concerning the institution of specific bequest is the fact that its item can be “agricultural farm”. In this way the notion of “agricultural farm” – central institution of rural law – has been introduced to the general provisions of inheritance law and, therefore, its importance has been strongly valorized. On the other hand, however, new regulations create a great number of serious doubts and problems which can easily put in question its practical importance. These problems have been divided in the paper in two basic groups. The first group concerns so–called “technical” problems. The most important one is the question of describing the agricultural farm in the notarial will, taking into account the doctrinal postulate of its maximal specification and substantiation as well as unification of descriptions in will and in the court’s ruling confirming the rights to the item of specific bequest. This problem should be analyzed with respect to the social – economic fact that agricultural farm only very rarely is the item of the property right. Usually, it is complicated construction consisting of different items and rights which do not have to be owned by the farmer. The second group of problems examined in the article was called “political issues”. In this part of paper Author tries to prove that the institution of specific bequest does not ensure satisfactory level of protection for the agricultural farm. Firstly, this legal instrument enables unqualified heirs access to the farm. Secondly, it can provoke the unreasonable partition of the farm. Moreover, it can also occur dangerous to the economic basis of the farm, regarding the fact that legatees are severally liable for heritable debts and can be also liable to certain statutory heirs. With respect to above–mentioned arguments, the strong need of the suitable legal institution – which would facilitate the generational changes in the agricultural farms – is to be stressed.

Specific Bequest as a New Polish Law Institution

63%

Chała P. K.

Studia Iuridica Lublinensia

2016

vol. 25

issue 2

Since 23rd October 2011 we have had a new inheritance law institution to reckon with, which is specific bequest (legatum per vindicationem). The amendment of 18th March 2011 introduced changes to the Polish Civil Code and a few other acts. Deliberations – mainly on the changes that were introduced to the Book 4 of the Polish Civil Code entitled Inherited estate – shall be the subject of this article, so it is mainly focused on issues such as: ability to establish a specific bequest, form of its establishment and capacity to be a legatee. Legislator’s objective was, among others, to widen freedom of testing by the possibility to bequeath a specific item to the particular person in the will. This need was arising from the tendencies that practically took place before the amendment. Many testators wanted to bequeath their specific items to the particular people. They did that mainly by including simple entries in their wills and testaments, however this did not result in fulfilment of the testators’ wills. Legislator responded to that need. Since the amendment we have had two kinds of bequests to reckon with: normal and specific, that differ widely. Demonstration and explanation of those differences will also be a subject of this article.

Od 23 października 2011 r. mamy do czynienia z nową instytucją prawa spadkowego, którą jest zapis windykacyjny (legatum per vindicationem). Nowelizacja z 18 marca 2011 r. (Dz.U., nr 85, poz. 458) wprowadziła zmiany w Kodeksie cywilnym i w kilku innych ustawach. Przedmiotem niniejszego artykułu będą rozważania głównie na temat zmian, jakie zaszły w IV księdze Kodeksu cywilnego pt. Spadki. Niniejszy artykuł został poświęcony takim zagadnieniom, jak: możliwość ustanowienia zapisu windykacyjnego, forma jego ustanowienia, zdolność do bycia zapisobiercą, zakres odpowiedzialności za długi spadkowe. Celem ustawodawcy było między innymi poszerzenie swobody testowania przez możliwość zapisania w testamencie określonej osobie konkretnego przedmiotu. Potrzeba wynikała z tendencji, jaka miała miejsce w praktyce przed nowelizacją. Wielu spadkodawców chciało pozostawiać po swojej śmierci konkretne przedmioty swojego majątku określonym osobom. Głównie czynili to przez sporządzanie zwykłych zapisów w testamentach, co jednak nie wypełniało intencji testatorów. Ustawodawca wyszedł naprzeciw temu zapotrzebowaniu. Od momentu nowelizacji mamy do czynienia z dwoma rodzajami zapisów: zwykłym i windykacyjnym. Oba zdecydowanie się od siebie różnią. Kwestia wykazania i omówienia tych różnic jest również przedmiotem niniejszego opracowania.

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Gospodarstwo rolne jako przedmiot zapisu windykacyjnego – wybrane problemy

Specific Bequest as a New Polish Law Institution