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Problem odniesienia obrazów halucynacyjnych pojawiających się w kontekście doświadczeń duchowych

100%
Nowak S., Jagielloński U.
Internetowy Magazyn Filozoficzny Hybris
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2016
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vol. 35 B (4B)
EN
The goal of this article is to discuss a theory of reference for hallucinatory experiences. Firstly, my paper will be concerned with the theory of perception underlying common definition of hallucination. Secondly, I will present three main theories of reference for experiences given in different kinds of altered states of consciousness. These three theories are: neuroscientific, supranaturalistic and psychoanalytical. Consecutively I will present arguments for maintaining that classical theories are examples of semiotic reductionism. In the main part of this paper I will present an anti-reductionist framework for a reference of hallucinatory experience, based on a phenomenological analysis of particular kind of experience not caused by external stimulus, that is, mystical experience. This anti-reductionistic theory will claim that a proper reference of certain kinds of altered states of consciousness is a true symbol.
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Psychometrická analýza škály každodenní spirituální zkušenosti (DSES) v českém prostředí

63%
Maliňáková K., Trnka R., Šarníková G., Smékal V., Fürstová J., Tavel P.
Československá psychologie (Czechoslovak Psychology)
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2018
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vol. 62
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issue Supplement_1
100-113
EN
Objectives. There is a growing body of literature that focuses on the associations between spirituality and different areas of human life. Therefore, the need for having valid instruments for measuring spirituality is also increasing. The aim of this study was to psychometrically evaluate the Daily Spiritual Experience Scale (DSES) in Czech conditions. Sample and settings. A nationally representative sample of 1800 Czech respondents aged fifteen years and over (n=1800; 46.4±17.4 years; 48.7% men) participated in the survey. Spirituality (DSES) and religiosity, together with basic socio-demographic information, were measured. Results. The non-parametric comparison of different sociodemographic groups showed higher spirituality among women and among widows/ widowers. There was also a trend of increasing spiritual experience in older groups. Spearman’s correlation among the items of the scale showed a high inter-item correlation (0.92) between items 4 and 5; therefore, we decided to exclude item 5. The 15-item version of the scale has high internal consistency with Cronbach’s alpha = = 0.96 and McDonald’s ωt = 0.98. The Exploratory Factor Analysis performed on a matrix of polychoric correlations resulted in a two-factor model. The Confirmatory factor analyses supports this model with χ² (89) = 648.1; p<0.001; SRMR = 0.037; TLI = 0.999; CFI = 0.999; RMSEA = 0.059 (90% CI = 0.055-0.063). Study limitations. The main limitation of this study is the high proportion of religiously unaffiliated respondents and the correspondingly low number of religious respondents, which is a natural consequence of gathering representative samples in a secular environment.
CS
Cíle. Souvislosti spirituality s nejrůznějšími oblastmi lidského života se v současné době věnuje vzrůstající množství studií. S tím souvisí také potřeba validních nástrojů pro její měření. Cílem této studie je psychometrická analýza Škály každodenní spirituální zkušenosti (DSES) v českých podmínkách. Metoda. Výzkumný soubor je tvořený 1800 respondenty a je reprezentativním vzorkem populace České republiky ve věku nad 15 let (48,7 % mužů, prům. věk 46,41, SD = 17,40). Součástí dotazníku byly otázky na spiritualitu, religiozitu a základní sociodemografické údaje. Výsledky. Výsledky popisné statistiky a neparametrických porovnání mezi skupinami ukázaly vyšší spiritualitu u žen a u respondentů, kteří ztratili partnera. Pozorovatelný je také trend nárůstu spirituálního prožívání u starších věkových skupin. Následné analýzy jednotlivých položek škály ukázaly na vysokou korelovanost otázek 4 a 5, proto byla položka 5 z dalších analýz vyloučena. Patnáctipoložková verze škály vykazuje vysokou reliabilitu, s hodnotou Cronbachova alfa = 0,960 a McDonaldovova koeficientu omega (ωt) = 0,98. Explorační faktorová analýza (EFA) s využitím šikmé (Oblimin) rotace na matici polychorických korelací vyústila ve dvoufaktorové řešení, které bylo podpořeno i analýzou konfirmační, s χ² (89) = 648,1; p < 0,001; SRMR = 0,037; TLI = = 0,999; CFI = 0,999; RMSEA = 0,059 (90% CI = 0,055-0,063). Provedené analýzy ukazují, že patnáctipoložková DSES je vhodným nástrojem pro hodnocení religiózního i nereligiózního prožívání. Omezení. Limitací této studie je nízký podíl religiózních respondentů, který je v českém prostředí logickým výstupem reprezentativních sběrů.
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Neuroscience, Ancient Wisdom and the ISUD: Is There Anything New Under the Sun?

51%
Beck M. C.
Dialogue and Universalism
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2017
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issue 3
173-187
EN
This paper links the claims of neuroscientist Antonio Damasio to the civilization of the Ancient Greeks. Although Damasio’s book, Looking for Spinoza: Joy, Sorrow and the Feeling Brain, makes the argument for the connection between Spinoza and neuroscience, he says that he prefers Aristotle’s model of human flourishing, but he does not describe Aristotle’s model. I explain Aristotle’s model and connect neuroscience to Aristotle and to the educational system underlying Greek mythology, Hesiod, Homer, tragedy and other aspects of Greek culture, including the role of the arts, religious rituals and the institutions of Greek democracy.
4
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The Neurocognitive Foundations of Prayer: A Critical Analysis

51%
Herda J.
Roczniki Filozoficzne
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2023
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vol. 71
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issue 4
25-42
PL
W ostatnich dziesięcioleciach nastąpił znaczny wzrost zainteresowania badaczy eksperymentalnych zagadnieniami, które tradycyjnie należały do kręgu zainteresowań filozofii umysłu, filozofii poznania, a nawet teologii duchowości. Dostępność nowych metod badawczych, a także wzrost wiedzy o świecie otworzyły kolejne drzwi do rzeczywistości, w której żyjemy. Badając funkcjonowanie ludzkiego mózgu w specyficznych warunkach laboratoryjnych, naukowcy szukają odpowiedzi na nurtujące nas od wieków pytania: czym jest świadomość, jak rozpoznajemy intencje i czym są doświadczenia duchowe? Artykuł podejmuje temat modlitwy jako specyficznego doświadczenia religijnego w kontekście badań neurokognitywistycznych. W XX i XXI wieku częstotliwość takich badań znacznie wzrosła; na przykład poprzez eksperymenty Niny Azari, Mario Beauregarda i Andrew B. Newberga. Omówiono wybrane eksperymenty z zakresu neuronauki duchowości i ich wyniki. W tekście postawiono ważne pytania filozoficzne o to, jak definiujemy modlitwę i inne doświadczenia duchowe w kontekście powyższych badań, o interdyscyplinarność badań, a także o pojawiające się problemy i implikacje, np. ryzyko sprowadzenia tych zjawisk do ich podłoża biologicznego. Poruszono także tematykę kognitywistycznego wyjaśnienia doświadczeń i praktyk religijnych.
EN
In recent decades, there has been a significant increase in the interest taken by experimental researchers in issues that have traditionally belonged to the sphere of interest of the philosophy of mind, the philosophy of cognition, and even the theology of spirituality. The availability of new research methods, as well as the increase in the knowledge of the world, has opened another door to the reality in which we live. By studying the functioning of the human brain in specific laboratory conditions, scientists are looking for the answers to questions that have been troubling us for centuries: what consciousness is, how do we recognize intentions, and what are spiritual experiences? This article deals with the topic of prayer as a specific religious experience in the context of neurocognitive research. In the 20th and 21st centuries, the frequency of such studies has increased significantly; for example, through the experiments of Nina Azari, Mario Beauregard, and Andrew B. Newberg. Selected experiments in the field of the neuroscience of spirituality and their results are discussed. Important philosophical questions about how we define prayer and other spiritual experiences in the context of the above research, the interdisciplinary nature of the research, as well as emerging problems and implications, e.g., the risk of reducing these phenomena to their biological base, the explanations of religious practices and experiences in cognitive science of religion have also been raised.
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