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PL
Sacred yocabulary in polish spoken discourse can be used as euphemisms, value yocabulary, quasi-sacred exclamation, damns, names of objects in usual reality etc. Semantic changes of the lexis are related to composition, extension and elaboration of meaning. This process is related to phenomenon of desecration, profanation and also to changes of taboo in modem polish culture and society. Sacrum is no morę important and can be used to give names yarious aspects of reality. For this reason, sacred yocabulary can attend yariety semantic and pragmatic functions in texts and spoken discourse.
PL
Język używany przez rodziców w komunikacji z dziećmi charakteryzują pewne specyficzne cechy. Dorośli używają innego języka w komunikacji z innymi dorosłymi niż w komunikacji z dziećmi. W tym artykule koncentruję się na analizie nagrań prawdziwych mówionych dyskursów w rodzinach, związanych ze specyficznymi sytuacjami i czynnościami (na przykład, dzieci przygotowują się do wyjścia do szkoły, zajęcia plastyczne, siedzenie przy stole itp.). Analiza obejmuje badanie illokucyjnych funkcji języka, stosowanych by przekazywać ocenę dziecka (głównie pochwały, krytyka, nagany). Analiza opiera się na częstotliwości występowania illokucyjnych funkcji języka (w całej próbie, w predefiniowanych kategoriach wiekowych dzieci, w specyficznych czynnościach tworzących przykłady mówionego dyskursu); badane są również wskazania illokucyjnych funkcji języka wyrażanych w dyskursie mówiony
EN
Language used by parents to communicate with children is characterized by specific features. Adults use different language in communicating with other adults than in communicating with children. This paper is focused on analysing authentic recordings of common spoken discourses in families related to specific situations and activities (for example, children getting ready for school, art and craft activities, sitting at the table, etc.). The analysis will focus on examining the illocutionary language functions used to communicate the child’s appraisal (mainly praise, criticism, reproach), i.e. on the parent’s intent to express the appraisal of a child. The analysis draws upon the frequency of illocutionary language functions (in the whole sample, in pre-defined age categories of children, in specific activities offering examples of spoken discourse); further, the indication of illocutionary functions as expressed in the spoken discourse will be explored.
EN
The present study is concerned with non-standard functions of the word like in spoken American English. The aim was to gather all the non-standard functions that have been described in the past 30 years, to create a comprehensive overview serving as the basis for the analysis of a sample of 100 instances of non-standard like excerpted from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). The sample was analysed and sorted according to the function of like (focus marker, hedge, quotative marker, and discourse marker), while also examining the position and collocations of each instance. The conclusions of the study were validation of the proposed overview and its extension by an additional quotative construction, a more detailed description of the „hedge“ and the focus marker like and also the confirmation that the non-standard like is not an empty intrusive word but a multifunctional, ever-developing device which allows speakers to modify the pragmatic meaning of their utterances.
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