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Instytucje nieformalne w teorii F.A. Hayeka

100%
Gruszewska E.
Ekonomia - Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu
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2013
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issue 4 (25)
166-178
EN
The concept of individualism, freedom, or economic order in F.A. Hayek’s theory, contains references to rules shaping people’s behavior. The author believes that every person has the right to follow his own rules. The rules are created in a spontaneous way and are not planned by anyone. Those institutions that, in terms of F.A. Hayek determine the existence and duration of societies, became the subject of considerations undertaken in this publication. The purpose of this article is to identify the informal institutions in theories announced by the Nobel Laureate. According to F.A. Hayek, there are socially valuable features that take the form of patterns and traditions shaping human behavior. Regularity appearing in actions of individuals, which is not always a direct result of a conscious action, often allows to make predictions of their behavior. The rules often forbid people to do what their instincts demand from them, they require a gradual change in people’s natural or instinctive reactions to other members of the community. This must be seen as a renunciation to the community. Individuals must submit to the operation of these social rules that are difficult to understand without special analysis. The ability to adapt determines the possibility of a society development. There is no individual able to possess the knowledge of all potentially possible situations to create an adequate system of behavior procedures. This is only possible with the help of other members of the society. As a result of “applying” their use, a type of a spontaneous order is formed. This forms the basis for developing adopted institutions. The kind of a sanction that upholds the rules, can be identified – it is the responsibility that goes beyond rules enforced by law. The purpose of the legal system is to maintain order formed spontaneously thus enabling to gain objectives by individuals. Hayek saw that in the long term, the new social rules are becoming more and more general, cease to be applicable to specific situations, but become abstract and more flexible. Spontaneous rule creation and change processes, their adaptation to changing realities cannot be replaced by an organized, purposeful order. This is due to the inability to obtain sufficient information about a variety of human behaviors and hence inability to create rules that would apply to such behavior. Creating the institutional order is a continuous process of trials and errors, a continuous experimentation of society with the rules. Hayek pointed out the barriers in shaping the institutional order and thus the social development. Their source can be non-compliance of adopted formal and informal evolutionary rules. Such a barrier affects the worse cooperation between the society members, reduces the benefits from economic activity, increases the business risk, makes the acquisition and processing of relevant information more difficult, and leads to informative chaos. Only cementing the adopted rules within rooted informal rules would allow their harmonized and effective impact on society.
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Michael Polanyi a rozwój idei porządku spontanicznego w XX wieku: w cieniu Hayeka

100%
Leszek P.
Ekonomia. Wrocław Economic Review
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2014
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vol. 20
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issue 1
27 - 38
EN
The idea of spontaneous order was crystallized — at least in the fi eld of social science — as a result of considerations on how human communities are organized. The economic and philosophic thought of Friedrich von Hayek was of great importance to its development in the 20th century and nowadays many authors almost exclusively attribute to the Austrian scholar most of the achievements in this area. ‘Spontaneous order’ became a kind of Hayek’s trademark, carved out by him on the pages of Constitution of Liberty as well as Law, Legislation and Legislation and Liberty: Rules and Order and later promoted by dozens of monographs dedicated to him and his thought. Therefore — maybe a little in spite of the above-mentioned — in this article my aim is to briefly outline the appropriate topic of refl ections of Michael Polanyi, who seems to contribute to the idea as much as Hayek, but whose achievements in this field have not been fully recognized and studied yet, at least in Polish literature.
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The concept of social liberalism of Frederick August von Hayek

75%
Wieczorek E.
Kultura-Społeczeństwo-Edukacja
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2021
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vol. 19
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issue 1
97-110
EN
According to some criteria, social liberalism is considered to be one of the types of liberalism. These studies are a reflection on Frederick August von Hayek’s concept of social liberalism, who is a supporter of political and economic freedom, but above all, individual freedom. This analysis aims to present the leading ideas of his social philosophy in the area of the function of the state, democracy, freedom, spontaneous order of individualism and equality.
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Spontaneous Order, Edge of Chaos and Artificial Life as Missing Ideas in Understanding Life

75%
Gecow A.
Dialogue and Universalism
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2014
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issue 2
63-80
EN
The hypothesis “life on the edge of chaos” results from the stability of RBN, but living objects are not random; their structure and function are selected just for stability by Darwinian natural selection. The order of a crystal emerges spontaneously. The networks modeling living objects can be simultaneously ordered and chaotic on a similar level. They use chaotic parameters of RBNs. It is another edge of chaos. Definitions of artifacts are subjective and imprecise; problem should be described in other perspective. Basic properties of natural life (including the role of purpose) result from its spontaneity, which suggests a limit of using artificial life in investigations of life.
5
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Szkolnictwo wyższe w procesie transformacji ustrojowej w Polsce a jakość kształcenia

63%
Godłów-Legiędź J.
Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne
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2016
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vol. XCVIII
197-219
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest analiza zmian instytucji formalnych i modelu finansowania szkolnictwa wyższego w Polsce w ostatnich dwu dekadach, a celem – zasygnalizowanie konieczności zachowania większej równowagi w relacji między tradycyjną rolą uniwersytetu a tendencją do jego podporządkowania bieżącym siłom rynkowym. Za metodologiczną podstawę analizy i oceny przemian polskiego szkolnictwa wyższego przyjęto klasyczną ideę spontanicznego rozwoju społecznego i hipotezę interakcji między instytucjami formalnymi i nieformalnymi rozwijaną na gruncie nowej ekonomii instytucjonalnej. Przewodnia teza referatu jest następująca: ewolucja polskiego szkolnictwa wyższego w okresie transformacji ustrojowej w Polsce może być kolejnym argumentem zwolenników rozwijanej przez Friedricha Hayeka tezy Adama Fergusona, iż instytucje społeczne są wprawdzie wynikiem ludzkich działań, ale nie są wynikiem ludzkiego planu. Rozwój sektora prywatnego w szkolnictwie wyższym i niedostatek funduszy publicznych prowadzi do rosnącej konkurencji i presji na krótkookresową efektywność ekonomiczną oraz parametryczny system oceny. Jednakże w sytuacji niezgodności między formalnymi i nieformalnymi instytucjami konkurencja doprowadziła wprawdzie do imponującego wzrostu wskaźników scholaryzacji, ale stało się to w znacznym stopniu kosztem jakości kształcenia. Przekształcenia w polskim szkolnictwie wyższym są elementem ogólniejszych zmian roli uniwersytetów na świecie – zmian, które mogą ograniczać niezależność badań i czynić z niego instrument dominujących sił ekonomicznych.
EN
The paper analysis changes of the formal institutions and the model of funding of the higher education in Poland in the last two decades. It argues that transformation of Polish higher education may validate Adam Ferguson’s idea that social institutions are the result of human action, but not the result of human plan. The paper looks at changes in Polish higher education from the perspective of the new institutional economics, especially a conception of the interaction between formal and informal institutions. The private sector in higher education and the shortage of public funding lead to a greater emphasis on competition, efficiency and performance metrics. Nonetheless when there is no compatibility of the formal and informal institutions, competition and a striving for profits can lead and do to increasing enrollment rates but they hardly ever lead to a better quality of education. What we afraid, there is a tendency to subordinate an university to current political and market forces.
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