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EN
Political significance of sport is usually bound with international rivalry and conflict. However, sport tends to have a role in fostering international dialogue and cooperation as well. The aim of the article is to present the most important examples of this role of international sport. There is a number of examples verifying the hypothesis about consensual role of sport in international politics. Despite political significance, sport is not purely a part of the world of politics. This situation grants sport with an advantage in possibility of establishing international cooperation. Some actions that could seem completely impossible concerning political reality, turned out to be possible in sport. Sports contacts can pave the way for a further, political agreements. For instance a number of specific ‘sports diplomacies’ have taken place, that were used by some countries in order to enhance their capabilities of impacting the international political system.
EN
The aim of the article is to analyze the change of the Russian Federation’s international image in the light of two significant events: the Olympic Winter Games in 2014 in Sochi and the annexation of Crimea. According to the first hypothesis, one of the main aims for hosting the Olympic Games was to improve the international prestige of Russia. Shortly after the Olympics Russia increased its activity in Eastern Ukraine, which resulted in the annexation of the Crimean Peninsula. Therefore the article is also aimed to investigate whether by annexing Crimea Russia squandered the possible positive effects of hosting the Olympics in terms of its international image.
EN
The paper refers to the category of sports diplomacy and aims to investigate the issue of diplomatic subjectivity of international sports organizations, by the example of FIFA and its prerogative to grant membership to national football federations. Such processes on some occasions are connected to political and diplomatic significance, particularly in relation to states without universal international recognition, for whom participation in international sport is an important tool in their struggle for legitimization. The research question that the author attempts to answer is whether membership of national sports organization in the international sports federations can be meaningful from the perspective of the state’s endeavors toward securing international recognition. The hypothesis stated that the prerogative of international sports bodies such as FIFA to recognize national sports federations enhances their diplomatic subjectivity.
EN
The aim of the research is to investigate the track and field exchanges between the United States and the Soviet Union in the Cold War era, in search of their role in shaping bilateral relations between the two states. Particular attention has been paid to the motivation of respective subjects. The research allowed to test the hypothesis stating that the track and field exchanges were an attempt to bring the two countries closer and to achieve propaganda benefits simultaneously.
EN
The aim of the article is to investigate sports diplomacy between Iran and the United States, which is an example of sports diplomacy directed at bringing unfriendly states closer. The two countries do not have diplomatic relations and their mutual attitude can be described as hostile. At the end of the 20th century they started to establish sports exchanges aimed at supporting political rapprochement. The article is aimed to verify a hypothesis stating that the significance of sports diplomacy between Iran and the United States was secondary and it would not be possible without the political will of both sides. Also, an attempt to analyze the selection of sports disciplines used for sports diplomacy between the two states concerning their positive or negative effect on its efficiency has been made.
PL
Celem artykułu jest zbadanie dyplomacji sportowej pomiędzy Iranem a Stanami Zjednoczonymi, która stanowi przykład dyplomacji sportowej ukierunkowanej na zbliżenie nieprzychylnych względem siebie państw. Kraje te nie utrzymują bowiem stosunków dyplomatycznych, a ich wzajemne relacje można scharakteryzować jako wrogie. Pod koniec XX wieku dwa państwa zaczęły nawiązywać kontakty sportowe ukierunkowane na wspieranie zbliżenia. W artykule podjęta została próba weryfikacji hipotezy, zgodnie z którą dyplomacja sportowa pomiędzy USA i Iranem miała znaczenie jedynie wtórne i nie byłaby możliwa bez woli politycznej. Podjęta zostanie ponadto próba analizy doboru poszczególnych dyscyplin sportowych wykorzystanych w ramach dyplomacji sportowej pomiędzy Iranem a USA, jeśli chodzi o ich pozytywny bądź negatywny wpływ na jej skuteczność.
PL
Współczesna dyplomacja przyjmuje coraz bardziej sieciową formę, co objawia się zaangażowaniem nowych aktorów, w tym międzynarodowych organizacji sportowych. Artykuł poświęcony jest zagadnieniu dyplomacji sportowej organizacji sportowych kontrolujących międzynarodową rywalizację sportową, na przykładzie Międzynarodowej Federacji Piłki Nożnej (FIFA). Badanie, którego dotyczy artykuł, stanowi studium przypadku poświęcone kwestii wywierania przez międzynarodową organizację sportową nacisku na rządy suwerennych państw, na przykładzie FIFA. Celem badania jest sprawdzenie czy organizacje sportowe są w stanie sprawić, aby rządy zmieniły swoje decyzje polityczne. Hipoteza, która została poddana weryfikacji zakłada, iż międzynarodowe organizacje sportowe są podmiotami dyplomatycznymi zdolnymi wpływać na państwa.
EN
Contemporary diplomacy has evolved into a network involving various new actors, including international sports organizations. The article is dedicated to the issue of the sports diplomacy of international bodies which are in charge of international sporting competitions, particularly the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA), an organization that manages football on a global level. The research presented in this article is a case study dedicated to the issue of the influence of international sports organizations on the governments of sovereign states, specifically FIFA. The objective of the research is to investigate whether international sports organizations are able to make governments change their political decisions. The hypothesis that has been investigated states that international sports governing bodies are diplomatic actors capable of influencing states.
PL
Celem pracy jest zbadanie jednej z najważniejszych organizacji sportowych, jaką jest FIFA, z perspektywy jej dyplomatycznej podmiotowości. Badanie stanowi studium przypadku poświęcone procesowi wybierania gospodarzy mistrzostw świata w piłce nożnej w kontekście wspierania poszczególnych kandydatur przez prezydentów, premierów i innych przedstawicieli władz państw, którym ostatecznie przyznano organizację mistrzostw świata w ostatnich 30 latach. Hipoteza, która została poddana weryfikacji, zakładała, że poprzez wybieranie gospodarzy mistrzostw świata w piłce nożnej FIFA uzyskuje podmiotowość dyplomatyczną. Wiąże się to z pytaniami badawczymi dotyczącymi gotowości przywódców państwowych do angażowania się w kontakty i negocjacje z działaczami sportowymi oraz przyczyn takiego zaangażowania.
EN
The goal of the research was to investigate FIFA, one of the most important international sports organisations, from the perspective of its diplomatic subjectivity. It is a case study concerning the process of selection of the World Cup hosts by FIFA, in reference to the engagement of presidents, prime ministers and other representatives of national authorities of states that hosted FIFA World Cup in bidding for the tournament within last the 30 years. The hypothesis that was verified within the research assumed that through selecting World Cup host FIFA obtains diplomatic subjectivity. This refers to research questions concerning the willingness of state leaders to engage in contacts and negotiations with sports officials and reasons for such engagement.
EN
The aim of the article is to theoretically analyse the issue of sports diplomacy from the perspective of its util­ity in easing international tensions. The research encompass clarification of the term sports diplomacy and investigation of two ways of using it in order to ease international tensions: changing perception of hostile states within particular societies and creating opportunities for political leaders from antagonistic countries to meet, which have been described with the use of actual historical cases.
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