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PL
W artykule zaprezentowano możliwości przemieszczania się transportem drogowo-kolejowym w oparciu o funkcjonujące w 2015 roku regularne (kolejowe, autobusowe, minibusowe) połączenia w transporcie lądowym. Głównym celem opracowania jest identyfikacja źródeł i celów podróży w międzynarodowym transporcie drogowo-kolejowym w podziale na państwa Unii Europejskiej ze strefą Schengen oraz pozostałe. W badaniach zastosowano analizę przestrzenną w formie kartodiagramów i izolinii (izochrona) czasu. Analiza izochronowa została wykonana na podstawie czasu dojazdu do najbliżej stacji kolejowej lub przystanku, skąd jest możliwość bezpośredniego wyjazdu za granicę. Wyniki wyrażono w formie izochrony dojazdu do najbliższego dworca PKP i przystanku lub miejsca odjazdu międzynarodowego transportu zbiorowego. Liczbę ludności mieszkającą w obwodach ewidencyjnych (2011) zmniejszono o granice izochron dojazdu do dworca lub przystanku, a na tej podstawie wyliczono liczbę osób w izochronach. Z kolei kartodiagram prosty punktowy wskazuje wagę miejsca możliwego wyjazdu. Dane do analizy pozyskano z Głównego Inspektoratu Transportu Drogowego – dla międzynarodowego transportu zbiorowego oraz z Polskich Kolei Państwowych (PKP) – w przypadku międzynarodowych połączeń kolejowych. Analiza przestrzenna (kartograficzna) wykonana została w oprogramowaniu ArcGIS, co pozwoliło uchwycić miejsca i trasy przejazdu transportem międzynarodowym, a wyniki wyrazić w formie liczbowej (liczba mieszkańców, powierzchnia izochrony). Najważniejszym wynikiem badania jest pokazanie możliwości przemieszczania się poza granice Polski za pomocą lądowego transportu międzynarodowego oraz wskazanie miejsc w kraju, które cechują się dobrą lub gorszą możliwością wyjazdu.
EN
The article presents the possibility of locomotion with the means of road and rail transportation based on regular (train, bus, minibus) overland transportation connections functioning in 2015. The main objective of the study is to identify the sources and destinations of international rail-road transport, broken down by EU countries of the Schengen area and others. The research methods applied were based on spatial analysis in the form of diagram maps and time isolines (isochrone). The isochrone analysis was based on travel times to the nearest railway station or bus stop, from which travelling abroad is possible. The results have been presented in the form of time isochrones of accessing the nearest railway station and bus stop or departure point for international public transportation. The number of population inhabiting registration circuits (2011) was reduced by the isochrone borders of accessing station or bus stop and on this basis the population number within isochrones was calculated. On the other hand, point diagram map indicates importance of possible departure place. Data for the analysis of international public transportation were obtained from the General Inspectorate for Road Transportation and from the Polish Railways in the case of international rail connections. The spatial (cartographic) analysis has been conducted applying the ArcGIS software, which allowed for capturing places and routes of international transportation and expressing results in a numerical form (population, isochrone area). The most important finding of the study is the possibility of travelling outside Polish territory by international overland transportation and indication of locations characterized by more or less convenient departure possibility.
EN
In Poland interest in the landscape of railway areas conceived as an object of research and conservation protection remains slight. The railway is usually associated with a set of elements of rail infrastructure whose form, construction, mutual relations, technological solutions or their traces constitute material testimony of the past. The author of the article attempted to indicate basic issues connected with the modern form of the protection and conservation of the space occupied by the railway. Upon the basis of experiences from the domain of rail engineering and the protection of the historical landscape he identified elements comprising the railway landscape, their nature, co-dependence and significance in the overall landscape. Attention is drawn to the specificity of the observation of the railway landscape, predominantly by placing emphasis on the role of the rolling stock in the perception of the railway. The article also presents the origin of the railway landscape. The major part of the present-day historical railway space in Poland developed from the second half of the nineteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth century, i. e. during a period marked by the loss of independence. This is the reason why we come across traces of three different railway systems – Austrian, Prussian and Russian. In the wake of the first world war renascent Poland witnessed a series of investments intent on unifying the various systems. Similar undertakings were continued after World War II. The complexity of the emergence of a railway network is the reason why today we may encounter railway landscapes with diverse features. The author acquaints the reader with the threat of losing the historical railway infrastructure caused by modernisation and the total liquidation of the railway. Attention is drawn to the technological character of the railway which is the reason why protection within historical space constitutes a particularly difficult task. Mention is made of the necessity of applying assorted ranges of conservation protection and trends of activity pursued for the sake of fully protected railway lines (reservations) as well as the protection of select elements of used lines and traces of liquidated lines. R. Kola points to other, earlier neglected problems: the derivatives of the conflict between the profit-oriented railway enterprise and the maintenance of the historical infrastructure, as well as the role played by assorted levels of the authorities in the preservation of the historical railway landscape.
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