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1
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Oczekiwania interesariuszy wobec społecznej odpowiedzialności przedsiębiorstw

100%
Nieradzik D.
Organizacja i Zarządzanie : kwartalnik naukowy
|
2017
|
vol. nr 1
119--130
PL
W artykule przedstawiono zagadnienie interesariuszy jako istoty społecznej odpowiedzialności biznesu. Omówiono zarys koncepcji, a także drogę rozwoju odpowiedzialności biznesu w Polsce. Studia literatury przedmiotu i własne obserwacje autorki pozwoliły na zidentyfikowanie najważniejszych interesariuszy oraz oczekiwań względem przedsiębiorstwa.
EN
The article presents the issue of the stakeholders as the essence of corporate social responsibility. The author discussed outline of the concept and schedule of development of business responsibility in Poland. By researching subject resources and the author’s own observations, it highlights the most important division of stakeholders and the expectation of the company.
2

Competitiveness of Czech Enterprises: What affects the performance of the Enterprise?

100%
Suchánek P., Špalek J.
Review of Economic Perspectives
|
2009
|
vol. 9
|
issue 2
106-120
EN
This article is based on an empirical survey performed by the Research Centre for Competitiveness of the Czech Economy in 2007. We analyzed a sample of 432 companies. The main objective of the article is to formulate the factors which decrease the probability that a given company will be rated as competitive. Using advanced statistical methods (particularly statistical method of pattern recognition developed by UTIA ČSAV and modified in a special way for the purpose of our research) we formulate 20 qualitative characteristics, which can cause uncompetitiveness of the selected firm. These characteristics are then discussed and basic recommendations are drawn.
3
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Corporate governance i corporate social responsibility – powiązania i wzajemne relacje

94%
Wilewska M.
Zarządzanie i Finanse
|
2013
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vol. 2
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issue 6
67-75
PL
Synergia CSR i CG koncepcji, wobec których identyfikuje się wiele wspólnych przesłanek, zaprezentowanych w pierwszej części pracy, przedstawia w nowym świetle nadzór przedsiębiorstwa i jego odpowiedzialność. Pozwala to sądzić, że w przyszłości będzie to bliżej rozpoznawane na gruncie teoretycznym, a także podejmowane w badaniach empirycznych, jako że dotychczas CSR i CG poznawane i badane były w głównej mierze niezależnie siebie. Teoretyczne zręby inkorporacji CSR i CG zaprezentowano w drugiej części pracy w postaci modeli teoretycznych określonych i opisanych w zagranicznej literaturze przedmiotu.
4
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Społeczna odpowiedzialność przedsiębiorstw jako metoda kształtowania relacji z interesariuszami

94%
Ścibiorska-Kowalczyk I.
Nauki o Zarządzaniu
|
2013
|
issue 1(14)
98-115
EN
The purpose of this article is to determine, through empirical research, the level of Corporate Social Responsibility of small and medium-sized enterprises in relation to stakeholders. Literature studies and the results derived from questionnaires completed by entrepreneurs at small and medium-sized enterprises in the area including the Polish part of the Euroregion Nysa as research methods were used. In the first part of the article presents the basic concept of the theoretical basis for company stakeholders, including the identification who the stakeholders are, the identification of key stakeholders and the principles of corporate behavior towards stakeholders developed at a meeting of the Caux Round Table. The second part of the article presents research program of Corporate Social Responsibility for small and medium-sized enterprises conducted by the author in relation to stakeholders within the Euroregion Nysa.
5

Stakeholder Colaboration in Tourism Destination Planning – The Case of Montenegro

94%
Pjerotić L., Rađenović M., Tripković-Marković A.
ECONOMICS
|
2016
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vol. 4
|
issue 1
119-136
EN
The importance of involving diverse stakeholders in tourism planning is receiving growing recognition. Effective tourism destination planning is a complex process, due to the existence of a wide variety of stakeholders with a wide range of opinions, multiple problem visions and different interests. Despite the complexity of the planning process one feature acknowledged for successful destination management planning is a high level of stakeholder engagement and cooperation. The implementation and success of a tourism plan often relies on the support of destination stakeholders. The paper deals with the issue of effective tourism destination planning from the perspective of harmonizing stakeholders’ interests. It explores tourism destination planning in the Montenegrin tourist destinations, the level of stakeholder cooperation and correlation between destination plans implementation and stakeholder cooperation. An empirical research was carried on the population of 19 local tourist organizations in Montenegro. Findings and implications of the research are given in the paper. The results revealed the problem of insufficient implementation of tourism development plans and low level of stakeholder cooperation. Also, there are implications based on recently conducted research reported in this paper, that there is a strong positive correlation between the level of stakeholder cooperation and implementation of a tourism destination plans.
6
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Call for participation: How the European Union attempts to respond to new societal challenges through engaging with Civil Society Organisations

94%
Dabrowski de Flores B.
Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego Studia i Prace
|
2019
|
issue 2(38)
67-75
EN
The changing social environment prompted the European Union (EU) to rethink its strategies towards its citizens. Phenomena such as distrust towards government institutions, nationalist movements and the alleged democratic deficit are the reasons why the EU aims at engaging with the civil society in its public policy, ranging from agenda setting to decision-making via instruments such as consultations. This paper intends to analyse the rationale behind implementing and pursuing this strategy. As the EU tries to increase its legitimacy, it needs to be evaluated if the EU meets the demands of citizens. For this analysis, a structured literature review will be conducted. This article desires to demonstrate that civil society organisations undergo processes of professionalization and transformation into providers of knowledge and expertise; therefore, ordinary citizens are not represented adequately in the EU via CSOs. Hence, the EU has desired to get closer to its citizens; however, with the current strategies the importance of membership has decreased and the opportunities for engagement have become more elitist. Further research is needed to evaluate the reasons behind this trend for the EU to draw appropriate conclusions and re-formulate its policy towards including its citizens.
7
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Vyhodnocení předvýzkumu klíčových skupin stakeholderů vysokých škol

84%
Marie S.
Littera Scripta
|
2013
|
vol. 1
140-157
EN
This article focuses on the evaluation of the author's pre-research that focuses on the analysis of the key stakeholder groups of universities that are targeted by the universities marketing communication. The author deals with the issue of method selection for marketing research of identication and prioritization of key stakeholder groups of universities by means of the Stakeholder Circle Methodology. The verification of key stakeholder groups of universities at the Czech market of the tertiary education that were specified on the basis of the literature search of foreign scientific sources and analysis of the first two steps of the Stakeholder Circle Methodology (identification and prioritisation of key stakeholder groups) according to results of the pre-research were the other aims of the pre-research. The suitable marketing research method for analysis of key stakeholders of universities based on the Stakeholder Circle Methodology and primary key stakeholder groups of universities at the Czech marketing of the tertiary education was determined on the basis of pre-research for the future author's research.
CS
Tento článek se zabývá vyhodnocením předvýzkumu autorky, který je zaměřen na oblast analýzy skupin stakeholderù vysokoškolských institucí, na něž je zaměřena marketingová komunikace vysokých škol. Autorka se v rámci tohoto předvýzkumu zabývá otázkou volby vhodné metody marketingového výzkumu pro identi kaci a prioritizaci klíčových skupin stakeholderů vysokých škol prostřednictvím Metodiky Stakeholder Circle. Dalším cílem předvýzkumu bylo prověření klíčových skupin stakeholderů vysokoškolských institucí na českém trhu terciárního vzdělávání, které byly vytipovány na základě literární rešerše zahraničních odborných zdrojů, a analýza prvních dvou kroků Metodiky Stakeholder Circle (identifikace a prioritizace klíčových skupin stakeholderů) podle výsledkù předvýzkumu. Na základě vyhodnocení předvýzkumu byla stanovena vhodná metoda pro provedení vlastního marketingového výzkumu analýzy klíčových skupin stakeholderů vysokoškolských institucí na základě Metodiky Stakeholder Circle a primární klíčové skupiny stakeholderů pro vysoké školy na českém trhu terciárního vzdělávání pro budoucí výzkum autorky.
8
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Analýza klíčových skupin stakeholderů komerčních subjektů v České republice

84%
Marie S.
Littera Scripta
|
2013
|
vol. 2
114-123
EN
Currently the stakeholder analysis, mainly in foreign literature, is considered as a very important aspect of management and marketing in the present turbulent times. There is not enough attention paid to the stakeholder analysis in the Czech Republic. This article deals with the problem of stakeholder analysis. The aim of this article is the stakeholder identification and the detailed analysis of stakeholders of commercial entities in the Czech Republic. All enterprises will be divided into groups of micro, small, medium and large-sized enterprises. In these categories of enterprises stakeholder groups, on which enterprises focus on mostly, will be examined. Further through the analysis of variance and F-test it will be examined if there are statistically significant differences among respondent's answers in each category of enterprises.
CS
Analýza stakeholderů je v současné době, zejména v zahraniční literatuře, považována za velice důležitý aspekt managementu i marketingu současné turbulentní doby. V České republice analýze stakeholderů není však doposud věnována dostatečná pozornost. Tento článek se zabývá právě problematikou analýzy stakeholderů. Cílem tohoto článku je provedení identifikace a detailní analýzy stakeholderů komerčních subjektů v České republice. Veškeré podniky budou rozděleny do skupin mikro, malých, středních a velkých podniků. V rámci těchto kategorií podniků budou zkoumány skupiny stakeholderů, na níž se podniky nejčastěji zaměřují. Dále pomocí analýzy rozptylu a F-testu bude zkoumáno, zda se odpovědi jednotlivých skupin podniků statisticky významně liší, či nikoliv.
9
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Words and deeds. Corporate Social Responsibility in higher education institutions

83%
Rotengruber P.
Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym
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2018
|
vol. 21
|
issue 6
33-47
EN
The purpose of the paper is twofold. Firstly, to formulate a definition of University social responsibility (which takes into account social expectations towards this institution and its internal determinants as well). The final result of this research is the definition built on two concepts. On one hand, it is a stakeholder policy, on the other hand, a whistleblower policy. These are the criteria of responsibility, that is to say, rules which make the institution transparent and open to social criticism. Secondly, the article tends to establish whether a university in Poland (treated as a dominant institution of knowledge) is rightly seen as an irresponsible partner of civil society. Form the business ethics perspective the university is the more responsible, the more intensive are its relations with the social environment represented by stakeholders and whistleblowers. When they do not play their parts properly, the relations must be considered dysfunctional. Additional explanation of this problem is provided by the theory of management. In a use of the concept of the final customer, public opinion can find out if it-really-is the main interlocutor of the university. Social partners of this institution focus their attention on politicians and public administration taken as the alternative final customer of the academic product.
10
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Prezentacja sprawozdań finansowych w formie elektronicznej przez największe jednostki gospodarcze w Polsce w kontekście oczekiwań interesariuszy

83%
Michalak J.
Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowości
|
2010
|
vol. 2010(59(115))
69-94
PL
Sposób przekazywania informacji zmienia się wraz z rozwojem komputerów, internetu i innych technologii informacyjnych (np. telefonów komórkowych). Zwłaszcza internet i interaktywne strony internetowe, które reagują na zachowanie użyt-kownika na danej stronie, przeobraża sposób przekazywania informacji. Transformacji podlega również forma publikowania sprawozdań finansowych. Celem głów-nym artykułu jest przeanalizowanie sposobu prezentacji sprawozdań finansowych przez największe jednostki gospodarcze w Polsce w warunkach upowszechnienia za-stosowania elektronicznych kanałów prezentacji informacji na tle oczekiwań inte-resariuszy. Dla realizacji celu głównego zostały postawione dwa cele szczegółowe. Pierwszym, jest przedstawienie wytycznych dotyczących sporządzania elektronicznych wersji sprawozdań finansowych, zgodnie z oczekiwaniami interesariuszy zidentyfikowanymi przez zespół CIMA/PWC, drugim zaś – przeanalizowanie obecnego sposobu prezentacji sprawozdań finansowych na stronach internetowych największych jed-nostek gospodarczych funkcjonujących w Polsce oraz stopnia ich dostosowania do ocze-kiwań interesariuszy.Dla realizacji pierwszego celu szczegółowego zostały przeprowadzone zarówno stu-dia zagranicznej literatury przedmiotu służące analizie prezentacji raportów bizne-sowych w internecie, jak też wytycznych zespołu CIMA/PWC. Realizacji drugiego celu szczegółowego służyły badania empiryczne pozwalające ocenić sposób wykorzy-stania internetu do prezentacji sprawozdań finansowych. Badania empiryczne polega-ły na analizie treści informacji zawartych na stronach internetowych 100 największych jednostek gospodarczych działających w Polsce według listy „Rzeczpospolitej” z 2009 r. Badania przeprowadzono między styczniem i marcem 2010 r.Treść zasadniczą artykułu przedstawiono w trzech częściach. Część pierwsza jest poświęcona wynikom badań literaturowych w zakresie oczekiwań interesariuszy dotyczących zawartości i formy sprawozdań finansowych w wersji elektronicz-nej. W części drugiej zostały przeanalizowane trendy w rozwoju elektronicznej komunikacji z interesariuszami. W części trzeciej zaprezentowano metodykę i wyniki badań empirycznych prowadzonych przez autora.Badania literaturowe i empiryczne autora wskazują na istnienie istotnej luki między oczekiwaniami interesariuszy a praktyką prezentacji sprawozdań finanso-wych w formie elektronicznej przez jednostki gospodarcze. Możliwości zwiększenia użyteczności sprawozdań finansowych w formie elektronicznej nie są wykorzystane ze względu na zachowawcze podejście jednostek sporządzających sprawozdania finansowe. Podejście to polega na prostym odwzorowaniu wersji papierowej w wersji elektronicznej sprawozdania.
11
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The stakeholders theory as a starting point for the critique of corporate social responsibility

83%
Galant M.
Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
|
2017
|
issue 464
31-42
EN
Corporate social responsibility is becoming more and more popular all over the world. It is promoted by governments and transnational organizations. Nevertheless, since its establishment, it has gained a large group of enemies and still meets with a wave of criticism from different sides, beggining from economists, standing on the position that the purpose of business is only to generate income, through philosophers, who see in CSR a new tool for social enslavement, ending at sociologists, who see an element of corporate management and modern control technology in it. The article presents the most important arguments against corporate social responsibility. It also engages in a polemic against opponents of this concept. However, the starting point is the theory of stakeholders, considered by many as the framework of CSR.
12
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Financial statements presentation in electronic form by the biggest companies in Poland in the context of stakeholders’ needs

83%
Michalak J.
Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowości
|
2010
|
vol. 2010(59(115))
69-94
EN
The manner of information communication has been changing together with the development of computers, internet and information technologies. Especially the internet and interactive web pages have transformed the way information is transmitted. Publication of financial statements is changing, too. The main aim of the article is to analyse financial statements publication using electronic channels of information distribution by the biggest companies operating in Poland in the light of stakeholders' information needs. In order to realize the main aim two spe-cific objectives were formulated. The first was analysis of guidelines for publication of electronic versions of financial statements based on stakeholders' information needs as identified by CIMA research team. The second was analysis of the current manner of publication by the largest companies operating in Poland of electronic versions of their financial statements and their compliance with investors' infor-mation needs.To attain these objectives, literature dealing with publication of business re-ports on the internet was reviewed and empirical research on the current state of electronic versions of financial statements published by the largest companies op-erating in Poland was conducted. The findings show that the potential of the electronic form of financial information presentation has not been fully utilised due to conservative approach of financial statements preparers. The companies that pre-sent their financial information via the internet in the way most compliant with stakeholders' needs belong to industries which rely heavily on the use of the inter-net: information technologies and financial services.
13
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The Functionality and Comparisons of BSC and Alternative Theories in Organisations: Business Perspective

83%
Nwafor B. C., Piranfar H., Aston J.
Academicus. International Scientific Journal
|
2020
|
issue 21
59-72
EN
The purpose of this research is to show the comparison of Resource-based view, Human capital, stakeholder as alternative theories and Balanced Scorecards (BSCs). Resource-Based View (RBV) appears to be limited with narrow implications as the strategic roles. RBV is forced on the internal organisation of a firm and it does not consider the external factors like the demand side of the market. A firm or an organisation may have the resources and the capabilities to gain a competitive advantage but still have no demand. RBV is not explicit on how particular market-based assets and capabilities contribute to generating and sustaining specific form of customer values. Accordingly, Human Capital theory (HC) assumes education increases productivity in the organisation, resulting in higher individual wages, but failed to provide adequate insight into the process through which education training are translated into higher wages. High level of educational attainment and quality may not potentially yield greater productivity and wages across the board. In the same vein, stakeholder theory has no learning and growth perspective required in the 21st century business but provides managers with clear mission and facilitates decision making. Balanced Scorecards (BSCs) has four perspectives: Financial, Customer, Internal development and Learning and growth perspective. It sets priorities by identifying, rationalising and aligning initiatives. The broad aim of this study is to shed light on limitations of these theories. The paper intends to identify future research questions that would help to remove fundamental barriers to pave the way to the company-wide performance in Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs): does BSC or alternative theory add significant value to SMEs? If it does add value, how does it enhance the performance of SMEs in emerging economies?
14
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Stakeholder profile and stakeholder mapping of SMEs

83%
Slabá M.
Littera Scripta
|
2016
|
issue 1
124-139
EN
The current turbulence in the economic environment has led to the need for new managerial tools to be used such as stakeholder analysis. Since there are a large number of stakeholder groups in small and medium-sized enterprises, the identification and prioritisation of stakeholders (as a key part of stakeholder analysis) is considered an important element in their management. The purpose of this article is to identify, prioritize and map key stakeholder groups in small and medium-sized enterprises in the Czech Republic, with a view to being able to generate stakeholder profiles of the most important stakeholder groups. The identification of the key stakeholder groups was based on research conducted by the author, whilst the prioritisation of the stakeholder groups on the basis of the professional judgement of the respondents. A power-interest matrix was subsequently compiled to map the stakeholder groups. The results of the research identified customers, employees, competitors, suppliers and media as being the five key stakeholder groups in small and medium-sized enterprises.
15
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Affective Management and its Effects on Management Performance

71%
Authayarat W., Umemuro H.
Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Innovation
|
2012
|
vol. 8
|
issue 2
5-25
EN
Affective management is a new concept which suggests that top managers should take stakeholders’ affective experiences into account when making their management decisions. To show that this concept could contribute to the improvement of management performance in organizations, this study investigated the correlations between the affectiveness of top management and management performance indices. Our questionnaire based on the Affective Management Scorecard was employed to assess top managers’ recognition of the importance, as well as the actual practices of affective management. Top managers from 43 Thai organizations participated in the study. A correlation analysis was conducted to observe whether affective management indices would correlate with management performance indices, such as return on equity, return on assets, price to earnings ratio, and price to book value ratio. The findings showed that the results for organizations practicing affective management were positively correlated with their management performance in both profitability and good perceptions by investors.
16
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Governance and Culture – a New Approach to Understanding Structures of Collaboration

71%
Söpper K., Vienna University of Technology (VUT) D. o. S. D., katharina.soepper@gmx.de
European Spatial Research and Policy
|
2014
|
vol. 21
|
issue 1
EN
The paper aims to contribute to a better understanding of structures of collaboration and their underlying logic by combining theories on Governance and (Planning) Culture. By the introduction of an integrative approach, called the ‘The Culture-Based Governance Analysis’, aspects of both discourses are combined. Factors from the Governance discourse, providing analysis on the frameworks of collaboration, were integrated with factors from the Culture discourse, providing analysis of the underlying reasons for people collaborating or not. This novel approach provides a way to analyze and understand how existing collaborations have developed and the basis on which they operate. As a further step, it enables planners to use this knowledge for the establishment of future collaborations between already active as well as not yet involved actors, for example, in urban redevelopment processes.
17
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Struktura kapitału intelektualnego jako kontekst dla tworzenia strategii szkół wyższych

71%
Fazlagić J.
e-mentor
|
2013
|
issue 2 (49)
4-11
EN
Intellectual Capital (IC) in a Higher-Education Institution (HEI) is created as a result of interactions between different stakeholders (eg. students, academic teachers, school’s management, graduates, employers, etc.). It is a dynamic entity but, at the same time its value is maximized thanks to the stability of HEI’s IC and its tradition. The HEI’s structure is followed by its strategy. Establishing the structure of IC is crucial for the creation of strategy and structure of HEIs in Poland and abroad. IC creates the necessary context for such endeavors. The resource-based view of the firm which is currently implemented in many Polish HEIs has many disadvantages. An interesting alternative seems to be the „simple rules” and the evolutionary mode of strategic thinking.
18

External Stakeholders in Higher Education Governance

71%
Kabus J.
Ekonomika i Organizacja Przedsiębiorstwa
|
2017
|
issue 9 (812)
32-41
EN
Governance of a university is a long-lasting process. When it comes to higher education, governance is focused on principles and mechanisms, which allows various interested groups (so-called stakeholders) to influence the decisions, as well as on the manners they are reckoned in and the persons they are responsible to. Operations of universities focus at cooperation with political, administrative and business surroundings. A consequence of universities getting adjusted to the new market circumstances is their adoption of market orientation and inclusion of governance of the environment, in which they function into their strategies. Purpose of the paper is to characterize the impact exerted by the external stakeholders on the governance process in a higher school.
PL
Zarządzanie szkołą wyższą jest procesem długoterminowym. W odniesieniu do szkolnictwa wyższego zarządzanie koncentruje się na zasadach i mechanizmach, za pomocą których różne zainteresowane grupy (tzw. interesariusze) wpływają na decyzje, oraz na tym, w jaki sposób są one rozliczane i przed kim odpowiadają. Działalność uczelni ukierunkowana jest na współpracę z otoczeniem politycznym, administracyjnym i biznesowym. Konsekwencją dostosowywania się szkół wyższych do nowych warunków rynkowych jest przyjęcie przez uczelnie orientacji rynkowej i wzięcie pod uwagę w przyjętych strategiach zarządzania środowiska w jakim uczelnia funkcjonuje. Celem niniejszego opracowania jest scharakteryzowanie wpływu intersariuszy zewnętrznych na proces zarządzania szkołą wyższą .
19
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Business Collaboration Concepts and Implications for Companies

71%
Majava J., Isoherranen V., Kess P.
International Journal of Synergy and Research
|
2013
|
vol. 2
|
issue 1-2
EN
Purpose – Companies engage in various relationships with external stakeholders to create attractive offerings. The purpose of this study is to describe the most common business collaboration concepts, and compare their characteristics. The concepts are evaluated in terms of their implications for companies, particularly in innovation and NPD collaboration contexts.Design/Methodology/Approach – This study is based on the literature findings on common business collaboration concepts, analyses of their characteristics, and an evaluation of implications from a  company’s perspective.Findings – The main characteristics of business network, business cluster, triple helix, keiretsu, business ecosystem, and innovation hub concepts are identified in terms of members, goals, coordination, boundaries, change dynamism, the nature of relationships, the role of knowledge, and competitors. The key implications for companies with emphasis on innovation and NPD are provided.Research Limitations/Implications – This research is based only on literature findings and related analyses. Due to the nature of the study, many collaboration concepts are covered, which makes in-depth analysis difficult. Practical Implications – This study clarifies the characteristics of most common business collaboration concepts. The key implications for a  company include the need for interaction with various external stakeholders to enhance innovation, opportunities and access to important resources, and the need to prepare for network changes.Originality/Value – While many collaboration concepts are utilized in contemporary business literature, their use in scientific research varies, and the concepts have not been analyzed and compared together yet.
20
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Elementy kantyzmu w myśli Normana Bowiego oraz R. Edwarda Freemana

71%
Stanny D.
Prakseologia
|
2009
|
issue 149
89-105
EN
The aim of the article is to present the Kantian aspects of N. Bowie and R.E. Freeman business ethics. Both authors are well-known in English-area business ethics as the thinkers working on stakeholder theory. R.E. Freeman, a founder of the stakeholder theory, stated the position called “Kantian capitalism” in 1988-1993. N. Bowie has been working on Kantian business ethics since 90‘s till now. R.E. Freeman uses the second formulation of categorical imperative to redefine the aim of the corporation. According to him the traditional definition is false, because it treats stakeholders (excluding shareholders) as means to profi t (as a traditional firm’s aim). Thus, he defines the new aim as acting for interest of all stakeholders. However, this position is sensitive to strong objections what probably caused the author himself to reject it. Furthermore, Freeman’s position seems to be rather utilitarian than Kantian: acting for other’s interest as an aim of morally good company, weighing and sacrificing interest as a method of morally good acting. N. Bowie’s application of Kantian ideas is wider and more systematic than Freeman’s approach. Nonetheless, it is also sensitive to many particular objections, especially misunderstanding of Kantian ideas. Bowie rejects the idea of purity of motive in Kantian ethics in order to justify the possibility of rational Kantian ethics application to area of business. Finally, making the possibility of application seems to be a proof for economical usefulness of Kantian ethics what makes this position close to utilitarianism too (like in Freeman case).
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