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Zeszyty Prawnicze
|
2015
|
vol. 15
|
issue 1
33-52
PL
Drunkenness – a “Passion” in Roman Criminal Law? SummarySince ancient times jurists and lawyers have had to handle offencesconnected with alcohol abuse. There are only three texts on drunkenness in the Roman legal sources: two relate to offences committed byinebriate soldiers, and the third contains the basic division into intentional offences, accidental offences, and crimes of passion. In all threecategories drunkenness was a mitigating factor, which may be surprising for modern lawyers. Other Roman sources present public opinionon drinking, which seems to have depended on the circumstances– heavy drinking and alcoholism were disapproved of. A precise analysis of the rhetorical writings shows elaborate distinctions betweenintentional and unintentional acts. Drunkenness was regarded as anemotional state which could influence the penalty, but the specific circumstances of the offence were crucial. The rhetorical works confirmthe views presented in poetry and philosophy. Contrary to the legalsources, the facts seem to show that a judge could sentence an offenderto a severe or mild punishment, or even acquit him if drunkenness hadbeen a factor contributing to the offence. The rhetorical works may beconsidered to provide not only an important theoretical background tothe legal sources, but also crucial supplementary information givinga better insight into Roman criminal law.
EN
The subject of this paper focuses on issues concerning criminal liability for a crime committed while inebriated or intoxicated. These issues, whose social significance is indisputable, continue to be controversial from the perspective of criminal law. One reason for this is the shortcomings of Article 31 § 3 of the Criminal Code, which serves as the basis to hold an offender who was in said state tempore criminis criminally liable. The purpose of this paper, however, is not so much to criticise the current legal solution as to offer a proposition de lege ferenda concerning a change in the wording of the said provision on the grounds of the reservations raised. The conclusions that lead to it are derived both from the dogmatic-legal analysis of the cited provision and from the empirical approach motivated by the psychopathological view of the state of intoxication, or the problem of (in)sanity of the perpetrator of a prohibited act. These issues are ingrained in the regulation contained in § 3 of Article 31 of the Criminal Code. It is the will of the criminal legislator for the scope of Article 31 of the Criminal Code to encompass a variety of states which may seem similar from a psychopathological point of view they, but actually require a different legal approach with regard to criminal-legal aspects and criminal policy, which this study aims to present.
PL
Przedmiotem niniejszego opracowania są zagadnienia dotyczące odpowiedzialności karnej za przestępstwo popełnione w stanie nietrzeźwości lub odurzenia. Kwestie te, bezdyskusyjnie doniosłe społecznie, budzą nadal wiele kontrowersji z prawnokarnego punktu widzenia. Jednym z powodów tego są braki, jakimi obarczony jest art. 31 § 3 k.k., statuujący podstawę do pociągnięcia do odpowiedzialności karnej sprawcy, który tempore criminis znajdował się w takim stanie. Celem tego opracowanie jest jednak nie tyle sama krytyka bieżącego rozwiązania prawnego, ile wysunięcie, w oparciu o podniesione zastrzeżenia, postulatu de lege ferenda dotyczącego zmiany brzmienia tego przepisu. Wnioski zostają wyprowadzone zarówno z dogmatycznoprawnej analizy powołanego przepisu, jak i podejścia empirycznego, podyktowanego psychopatologicznym spojrzeniem na stan odurzenia i problem związany z (nie)poczytalnością sprawcy czynu zabronionego. Kwestie te są immanentnie związane z regulacją zawartą w § 3 art. 31 k.k. Wolą ustawodawcy karnego zakresem art. 31 k.k. objęto bowiem zróżnicowane stany, które – chociaż z psychopato logicznego punktu widzenia mogą wykazywać podobieństwa, to jednak – mając na uwadze prawnokarne aspekty i politykę kryminalną – wymagają odmiennego podejścia prawnego, czego zaprezentowaniu służy to opracowanie.
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