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How Federalism Can Promote a National Commitment to the Rule of Law

100%
Schapiro R. A.
Studia Iuridica
|
2019
|
vol. 79
131-147
EN
Promoting the rule of the law is a national responsibility. The obligation to ensure legality and advance human rights rests on the national government. This article analyzes how federalism, a system of distributing power among subnational entities, can promote this national goal. The article explores how states in the United States have played an important role in encouraging the federal government to enforce the law and safeguard rights. By means of resistance, cooperation, and redundancy, states have moved the United States closer to rule-of-law ideals. The state action sometimes takes the form of litigation, with states bringing suit against the federal government. Such suits have particular significance in challenging illegal inaction by the national government, as when the federal government fails to enforce environmental laws. Litigation by states may overcome standing barriers that would limit such suits by private individuals. States may also engage in direct action by pursuing their own policies that promote the rule of law. In these areas, the states may oppose the federal government, cooperate with the federal government, or act in an independent, parallel manner. What unites all of these modes and instruments of state-federal interaction is that the goal of states is to influence national policy. The state action may begin within the boundaries of a particular state, but what motivates the state initiative is a vision applicable to the nation as a whole. The ultimate aim of state action is not local divergence, but national uniformity. Federalism serves not as a license for local deviation from national norms, but instead as a means for states to engage actively in creating policy at a national level. In this way, independent state activity can indeed promote the national obligation to promote the rule of law throughout the country.
2
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Review of the monograph edited by Anna Budnik: Białystok Volume on Law and Culture, University of Białystok Publishing House, Białystok 2016

86%
Skóra A.
Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne studia nad prawem
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2016
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vol. 8
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issue 4
98-103
PL
Recenzowana praca poświęcona jest instytucji locus standi mającej znaczenie dla każdej procedury prawnej. Współczesna nauka prawa coraz częściej staje wobec wyzwania, jakie niesie ze sobą integracja europejska oraz globalizacja i wzajemny „przepływ” rozwiązań prawnych między poszczególnymi państwami.
EN
The work under review is devoted to the issue of locus standi (standing) which is of significance in any legal procedure. Ever more often, the contemporary legal science faces the challenge of the European integration and the globalisation and also mutual „flow” of legal solutions in between countries.
3
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The right of action in collective proceedings within the Czech concept

72%
Sedláček M., Úlehlová S.
Data a výzkum - SDA Info (Data and Research - SDA Info)
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2023
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vol. 13
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issue 4
367-380
EN
The main goal of this paper is to explain the current idea of the right of action in the context of class actions, with a specific focus on the proposed Collective Actions Act. The main aim is to assess how the proposed law applies to the plaintiff’s position and the group members, especially when it comes to protecting their procedural rights and the main purpose of collective proceedings. The first part of the paper defines the role of a participant, particularly their legal standing in the doctrine of civil procedure. The next part defines what class actions are. In the conclusion, the paper explains how the right of action is modified in collective action proceedings and how this right is exactly defined in the proposed Collective Actions Act.
4
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How to Facilitate Damage Claims? Private Enforcement of Competition Rules in Croatia – Domestic and EU Law Perspective

58%
Pecotić Kaufman J.
Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies
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2012
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vol. 5(7)
13-54
EN
Ever since the Croatian Competition Agency started functioning in 1997, public enforcement of competition law has been the norm. Civil actions for breaches of competition law have been the exception in Croatia. The existing legislation in the area of competition law makes no effort to incentivise private enforcement. There are no specific rules in the Competition Act 2009 dedicated to civil actions, except a single provision that assigns jurisdiction over damages claims to commercial courts. General tort law is applicable in order to prove damages. A number of issues arise here mostly due to the complexity of competition cases. These issues were described in the European Commission’s White Paper on Damages Actions for Breach of EC Antitrust Rules (2008). The level of uncertainty as regards the outcome of the claim is high. It seems that special rules need to be adopted in Croatia in order to improve the position of the injured side. The paper deals with a number of procedural and substantive law issues relevant to the facilitation of civil proceedings for antitrust damages. A domestic law perspective is applied taking into account recent developments in EU competition law and policy.
FR
Depuis 1997 quand l'Agence croate de la concurrence a commencé à fonctionner, l'exécution publique de droit de la concurrence a constitué la norme. Les actions civiles pour violation du droit de la concurrence ont été une exception en Croatie. La législation en vigueur dans le domaine du droit de la concurrence ne succite pas l’exécution par des particuliers. Il n'y a pas de règles spécifiques dans la Loi sur la concurrence de 2009 consacrées aux actions civiles, à l'exception d'une seule disposition qui attribue la compétence à l'égard des demandes d'indemnisation aux tribunaux commerciaux. La responsabilité délictuelle générale est applicable afin de prouver les dommages. Un certain nombre de questions se posent ici principalement en raison de la complexité des affaires de concurrence. Ils ont été décrits dans le Livre blanc sur les actions en dommages et intérêts pour infraction aux règles communautaires sur les ententes et les abus de position dominante (2008). Le niveau d'incertitude quant à l'issue de la demande est élevé. Il semble que des règles spéciales doivent être adoptées en Croatie afin d'améliorer la position de la partie lésée. Le document traite sur un certain nombre de questions de droit procédural et droit de fond relatives à la facilitation des procédures civiles en ce qui concerne les dommages suite à des violations du droit de la concurrence. Le point de vue du droit interne est appliqué en tenant compte des développements récents en droit et politique de la concurrence.
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