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Various mental images about the geographical extension of Central, Southeast and Eastern Europe

100%
Tamás H.
Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series
|
2016
|
vol. 31
|
issue 31
129-143
EN
Central Europe, Eastern Europe, the Balkans and Southeast Europe as macro- region space concepts are not regions designable by physical geography; the geographical content of these concepts is drawn and re-drawn by historical, cultural and geopolitical processes. Debates on the extension and content of the macro-regions featured intensify every now and then, especially in crisis periods - it is enough to think of the years before, during and after the world wars, the regime change, and these days. Our paper, with the brief summary of the preliminaries, highlights, from the perspective of our age, the geopolitically determined transformation and demonstrates the findings of our empirical research. During our research we made a questionnaire survey in which we recorded mental maps of the university students of Hungary and its seven neighbour countries, looking at where the respondents put their own countries and what image of the respective macro-regions lived in their minds. Our findings may be subject to debates but clearly show the convergent or divergent directions of the respective countries, at least as regards the judgement by the youth.
2

Współpraca transgraniczna Unii Europejskiej jako przejaw integracji narodów w zapewnieniu poczucia bezpieczeństwa

86%
Liwo M.
Przegląd Prawa Publicznego
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2013
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issue 7-8
77-93
EN
Protection of the state border and obligations which result from it are the duty of every state. They are reflected in compulsory the legal regulations. The European Union and its member states introduced specific regulations concerning the crossing of borders, visa, migration and asylum policy, as well as police and judicial cooperation in criminal matters and Information Technology systems. Implemented solutions do not only affect the security of the European Union but also to a certain extent the security of other countries. There are actions proposed to integrate all countries in pursuit of the common goal, which is the improvement in the state of compliance with the law and security in its various types. The twenty-first century with its variety of unprecedented changes require systematic improvement of not only legal solutions but also actions concerning co-operation between other countries, prevention and risk assessment, which is not stable and therefore requires monitoring. Taking the subject of cross-border cooperation, it is impossible to ignore Europol, which is a specialized form of police cooperation. Hence cross-border cooperation in its various types as well as forms of integration of nations in the implementation of the above goals. These objectives should be considered as priority due to their impact on human rights.
3

Dagome iudex jako prototyp konkordatów

72%
Burczak K.
Roczniki Nauk Prawnych
|
2019
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vol. 29
|
issue 1
23-50
PL
Reforma Kościoła przeprowadzona w XI w. przez papieża Grzegorza VII (1073-1085) doprowadziła do podniesienia poziomu życia religijnego i dyscyplinarnego. Współpracujący z papieżem w dziele reformy kardynał Deusdedit sporządził Collectio canonum. W dziele tym, w którym zamieścił dokumenty poświadczające terytoria oddane w protektorat Stolicy Apostolskiej, znalazł się regest dokumentu nazwanego od imienia władcy Dagome iudex. Jest to dokument poświadczający oddanie przez Mieszka I państwa polskiego w protektorat Stolicy Apostolskiej. Nakreślone w dokumencie granice państwa, od Morza Bałtyckiego do Prus, na wschodzie Ruś, na południu Morawy, na zachodzie Odra, stanowią historyczny opis piastowskich ziem. Czynność prawna określona w dokumencie przez słowo „contulisse” (przekazać) polegała na przekazaniu państwa polskiego Stolicy Apostolskiej. Za to, państwo polskie zostało przyjęte w protekcję. Spowodowało to nawiązanie pomiędzy państwem polskim i Stolicą Apostolską określonego stosunku prawnego. Protekcja Stolicy Apostolskiej stanowiła moralną ochronę przed jakimkolwiek atakiem państw na terytorium państwa polskiego. Ten akt prawny pociągał za sobą obowiązek płacenia trybutu na rzecz Stolicy Apostolskiej. Celem politycznym decyzji Mieszka I było zabezpieczenie państwa przed atakami państw sąsiednich. Celem dalekosiężnym w obszarze stosunków kościelnych, było umożliwienie budowy własnych struktur kościelnych. Poprzez ten akt prawny Polska weszła w obszar stosunków polityczno-kościelno-prawnych ze Stolicą Apostolską. Dokument Dagome iudex można więc widzieć jako prototyp przyszłych konkordatów, które regulują relacje pomiędzy państwami i Stolicą Apostolską, jak też relacje pomiędzy państwem i Kościołem w danym państwie.
EN
The reform of the Church carried out in the 11th century by Pope Gregory VII (1073-1085) led to increasing the standards of religious and disciplinary life. The pope’s collaborator in the reform, Cardinal Deusdedit, prepared Collectio canonum. This work, in which he included documents attesting the territories placed under the protection of the Apostolic See, contained the regesta of the document known as Dagome iudex after the name of the ruler. This document attests to the fact that Mieszko I places Poland under the protection of the Apostolic See. The boundaries of the state outlined in the document, from the Baltic Sea to Prussia, Rus’ in the east, Moravia in the south, the Oder in the west, constitute a historical description of Piasts’ lands. The legal transaction referred to in the document with the word “contulisse” (transfer) consisted in transferring the Polish state to the Apostolic See. In return, the Polish state was placed under its protection. It resulted in establishing a certain legal relationship between the Polish state and the Apostolic See. The protection of the latter constituted moral security against other countries attacking the territory of Poland. This legal act entailed the duty to pay tribute to the Apostolic See. The political goal of Mieszko I’s decision was to secure the country against the attacks from its neighbours. A long-term objective in the area of relationships with the church was an opportunity to build Poland’s own ecclesiastical structures. Through this legal act, Poland entered the area of political-ecclesiastical-legal relationships with the Apostolic See. Thus, Dagome iudex can be seen as a prototype of future concordats which regulate the relationships between countries and the Apostolic See, as well as the relationships between the state and the Church in a given country.
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