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EN
A dominant view that a foreign state uses immunity in court examination of civil law cases deserves acceptance. This is the so-called limited immunity. The immunity of a foreign state in court examination of civil law cases and matters related to its examination should not be regulated in domestic law, including the Code of the Civil Procedure. Solutions for pursuing claims before national courts from a foreign state cannot be limited only to the issue of regulation of state immunity and the possibility of its waiving by the foreign state, but they also should cover issues related to the subsequent execution of a judgement delivered in such proceedings.
PL
The paper aims to comment on the judgment of the International Court of Justice of 2nd February 2012 in the case of Jurisdictional Immunities of the State between Germany and Italy from the perspective of the problem of jurisdictional immunity. In its decision concerning compensation for atrocities suffered by Italian citizens during World War  II granted by Italian courts against the German State as well as the execution of the analogical decisions of Greek courts, the International Court of Justice upheld the immunity of the German State. The compensation sought by the plaintiffs in the national proceedings was to redress massacres on the civil population, deportations and forced labour. In its decision the Court analyzed the exception proposed by Italy in three strands which, according to the Respondent, cumulatively would result in an exception to the rule of state immunity. Firstly, the acts giving rise to the Italian claims constituted grave violations of humanitarian law; secondly, the rules of law violated constitute peremptory norms of international law; thirdly, no other form of redress was available rendering the exercise of jurisdiction by the Italian court to be a measure of a last resort for the victims.
EN
The commented judgment makes the essence of the right of access to court an ius cogens norm — as such it takes precedence over state immunity that amounts only to a customary rule. At the same time it maintains the necessary balance between interests of entities recognized by international law and individuals, which had not been accomplished by the International Court of Justice, the Italian legislator or the national courts of other countries, including the Polish Supreme Court.
EN
This article explores the accepted and emerging international law principles applicable to the resolution of sovereign debt crises. The need for agreement on a set of guiding principles and mechanisms for resolving such crises is highlighted. The history of debt moratoriums, exchange controls and bailouts as instruments for dealing with sovereign debt crises is first outlined. The article then turns to an examination of alternatives to these policy options. Both market based and statutory approaches to sovereign debt restructuring are examined. The article ends with recommendations on a set of guiding principles for choosing between the various policy options available when a sovereign debt crisis is threatened.
EN
The immunity of a state aircraft is an interesting research area, but rarely addressed in international law or discussed in the doctrine of international law. Little interest in this regard is surprising if we compare it with the relatively broadly discussed issue of immunity of state vessels. The result of the research process presented in the article is the thesis that an aircraft owned or operated by a State for non-commercial purposes is entitled to immunity under certain multilateral conventions. Interestingly, crucial in this respect are treatises related to the law of the sea, rather than air law. It is also justifiable to claim that the discussed immunity arises from general international law.
PL
Immunitet państwowego statku powietrznego stanowi interesujące zagadnienie badawcze, które jak dotąd nie zostało w sposób wyraźny uregulowane w prawie międzynarodowym i stosunkowo rzadko jest omawiane w doktrynie prawa międzynarodowego. Niewielkie zainteresowanie immunitetem państwowego statku powietrznego budzi pewne zaskoczenie, jeżeli porównamy je ze stosunkowo dużym znaczeniem, jakie przypisuje się immunitetowi państwowych statków morskich.
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